54 THE SWISS REFORMATION.
Paris, Cologne and Louvain. Zwingli answered his objections, and convinced the audience.^
On the same day the magistracy passed judgment in favor of Zwingli, and directed him " to continue to preach the holy gospel as heretofore, and to proclaim the true, divine Scriptures until he was better informed." All other preachers and pastors in the city and country were warned " not to preach anything wliich they could not establish by the holy Gospel and other divine Scriptures," and to avoid personal controversy and bitter names.^
Zwingli prepared a lengthy and able defence of his Articles against the charges of Faber, July, 1523.^
The disputation soon produced its natural effects. Ministers took regular wives ; the nunnery of Oetenbach was emptied ; baptism was administered in the vernacular, and without exorcism ; the mass and worship of images were neglected and despised. A band of citizens, under the lead of a shoemaker, Klaus Hottinger, overthrew the great wooden crucifix in Stadelhofen, near the city, and committed other lawless acts.*
Zwingli was radical in his opposition to idolatrous and superstitious ceremonies, but disapproved disorderly methods, and wished the magistracy to authorize the necessary changes.
Consequently, a second disputation was arranged for October 26, 1523, to settle the question of images and of the
1 An unofficial report of the disputation was published by Hegenvvald, March 3, 1523 (Werke, I. A. 105-168). Faber issued, March 10, a counterreport. Seven Ziirichers replied to him in "Das Gijrenrupfen" (^Gei/ernip/en), 1523, and charged him with lying and claiming the speeches of others. Salat's Historische NachricM of the deputation is a " parteiische Verstiimmelunff unci Entslellung " of Hegenwald's report, and hence of no historical value (Schuler and Schulthess, in their ed. of Zw. I. 109). Comp. Aug. Baur, Die erste Ziircher Disputation, Halle, 1883.
2 Egli, 114 sq.; BuUinger, I. 103.
3 Werke, I. A. 169-425.
* Fiissli, II. 33-39; Egli, 176, 178.
§ 18. THE PUBLIC DISPUTATIONS. 55
mass. All the ministers of the city and canton were ordered to attend; the twelve other cantons, the bishops of Constance, Coire and Basle, and the University of Basle were urgently requested to send learned delegates. The bishop of Constance replied (Oct. 16) that he must obey the Pope and the Emperor, and advised the magistracy to wait for a general council. The bishop of Basle excused himself on account of age and sickness, but likewise referred to a council and warned against separation. The bishop of Coire made no answer. Most of the cantons declined to send delegates, except Schaffhausen and St. Gall. Unterwalden honestly replied that they had no learned men among them, but pious j)riests who faithfully adhered to the old faith of Christendom, which they preferred to all innovations.
The second disputation was held in the city hall, and lasted three days. There were present about nine hundred persons, including three hundred and fifty clergymen and ten doctors. Dr. Vadian of St. Gall, Dr. Hofmeister of Schaffhausen, and Dr. Schappeler of St. Gall presided. Zwingli and Leo Judse defended the Protestant cause, and had the advantage of superior Scripture learning and argument. The Roman party betrayed much ignorance ; but Martin Steinli of Schaffhausen ably advocated the mass. Konrad Schmid of Kiissnacht took a moderate position, and produced great effect upon the audience by his eloquence. His judgment was, first to take the idolatry out of the heart before abolishing the outward images, and to leave the staff to the weak until they are able to walk without it and to rely solely on Christ.^
1 The only German report of the second disputation, in Werke, I. A. 459- 540 (conip. BuUinger, 1. 131 sqq.), is from the pen of Ludwig Hetzer, chaplain at Wadenschweil, then priest at Zurich, an ardent friend of the Reformation, who afterwards joined the Anabaptists, and was beheaded at Constance. Gwalter made an abridged Latin translation in Zw. Opera, II. 623-G46. Zwingli took the ground that a truly Christian congregation was a better church than all the bishops and popes, and had as good a right to settle religious contro-