60 THE SWISS REFORMATION.
The Swiss iconoclasm passed into the Reformed Churches of France, Holland, Scotland, and North America. In recent times a reaction has taken place, not in favor of image worship, which is dead and gone, but in favor of Christian art ; and more respect is paid to the decency and beauty of the house of God and the comfort of worshipers.
§ 20. Tlie Reformed Celebration of the Lord's ^up'per. ZwiNGLi, Werlce, II. B. 233. Bullixgee, I. 263. Fussli, IV. 64.
The mass was gone. The preaching of the gospel and the celebration of the Lord's Supper by the whole congregation, in connection with a kind of Agape, took its place.
The first celebration of the communion after the Reformed usage was held in the Holy Week of April, 1525, in the Great Minster. There were three services, — first for the youth on Maundy-Thursday, then for the middle-aged on Good Friday, and last for the old people on Easter. The celebration was plain, sober, solemn. The communicants were seated around long tables, which took the place of the altar, the men on the right, the women on the left. They listened reverently to the prayers, the words of institution, the Scripture lessons, taken from the eleventh chapter of the first Corinthians and the mysterious discourse in the sixth chapter of John on the spiritual eating and drinking of Christ's flesh and blood, and to an earnest exhortation of the minister. They then received in a kneeling posture the sacred emblems in wooden plates and wooden cups. The whole service was a commemoration of Christ's atoning death and a spiritual communion with him, according to the theory of Zwingli.
In the liturgical part he retained more from the Catholic service than we might expect ; namely, the Introit, the Gloria in Excelsis, the Creed, and several responses ; but all were translated from Latin into the Swiss dialect, and with curious
§ 20. CELEBRATION O^ THE LORD's SUPPER. 61
modifications. Thus the Gloria in Excelsis, the Creed, and the One Hundred and Third Psalm were said alternately by the men and the women, instead of the minister and the deacon, as in the Catholic service, or the minister and the congregation, as in the Lutheran and Episcopal services.^ In most of the Reform.ed churches (except the Anglican) the responses passed out of use, and the kneeling posture in receiving the communion gave way to the standing or sitting posture.
The communion service was to be held four times in the year, — • at Easter, Whitsunday, autumn, and Christmas. It was preceded by preparatory devotions, and made a season of special solemnity. The mass was prohibited at first only in the city, afterwards also in the country.
Zwingli furnished also in 1525 an abridged baptismal service in the vernacular language, omitting the formula of exorcism and all those elements for which he found no Scripture warrant.^
The Zwinglian and Calvinistic worship depends for its effect too much upon the intellectual and spiritual power of the minister, who can make it either very solemn and impressive, or very cold and barren. The Anglican Church has the advantage of an admirable liturgy.
1 Werke, II. B. 237 sqq. I give a specimen from the Gloria in Excepts : —
Der pfarbeb : Eer sye gott in den hohinnen !
Die MANN : Und frid uf erden !
Die wyber : Den nienschen ein recht giniit !
Die MANN • Wir lohend dich, ivir prysend dlch.
Die wyber : Wir betend dich an, wir verehrend dich, etc.
Shorter responses, however, occur between the minister or deacon and the
congregation.
2 The first German baptismal service by Zwingli and Leo .Judae appeared in the summer of 1523, the second in May, 1525. Werke, II. B. 224 sqq.; 230 sq.
62 THE SWISS REFORMATION.
§ 21. Other Changes. A Theological School. The Caro- Unum. A System of Theology.
Other changes completed the Reformation. The Corpus Christi festival was abolished, and the Christian year reduced to the observance of Christmas, Good Friday, Easter, and Pentecost. Processions and pilgrimages ceased. The property of convents was confiscated and devoted to schools and hospitals. The matrimonial legislation was reconstructed, and the care of the poor organized. In 1528 a synod assembled for the first time, to which each congregation sent its minister and two lay delegates.
A theological college, called Carolinum, was established from the funds of the Great Minster, and opened June 19, 1525. It consisted of the collegium humanitatis, for the study of the ancient languages, philosophy and mathematics, and the Carolinum proper, for the study of the Holy Scriptures, which were explained in daily lectures, and popularized by the pastors for the benefit of the congregation. This was called prophesying (1 Cor. 14 : 1).^ Zwingli wrote a tract on Christian education (1526).^ He organized this school of the prophets, and explained in it several books of the Old Testament, according to the Septuagint. He recommended eminent scholars to professorships. Among the earliest teachers were Ceporin, Pellican, Myconius, Collin, Megander, and Bibliander. To Zwingli Zurich owes its theological and literary reputation. The Carolinum secured an educated ministry, and occupied an influential position in the development of theological science and literature till the
1 Comp. Pestalozzi, Leo Judce, p. 76, and Glider on " Prophezei," in Herzog^, XII. 288.
- Republished by Emil Egli, U. ZwincjJi's Lehmhchlein, oder icie man die Jngend in cjuten Bitten und chrisllirher Zucht auferziehen und lehren soJIe. Zurich, 1884. With an appendix of documents relating to the school at Zurich in Zwingli's time.
Zurich in the Sixteenth Century.
L EL o Iud^kTheologu^ ,
Inter TiGURiNA. li c c le. 5i a. PaiJt oats et
MrNr5TR05 N"ON P06TRE,M;Ui5 ANN05XI5C.ET ANfPLIUS: V^ferii- Tiftatmnii iil^ros Heht-^Atcos, JimpUci ei pam dicH onz, cjiura, Hct^rczofum lingua,, in LcLtinamd Gertrianicant \:ra\tJi\xUi, jide, ei \rcVtQ'\.oncJ\x,nim.ci: