§ 37. THE REFORMATION IN THE ORISONS. 135
acquired by conquest from the duchy of Mihm several beautiful and fertile districts south of the Alps adjoining the Milanese and Venetian territories, namely, the Valtellina and the counties of Bormio (Worms) and Chiavenna (Cleven), and annexed them as dependencies ruled by bailiffs. It would have been wiser to have received them as a fourth league with equal rights and privileges. These Italian possessions involved the Grisons in the conflict between Austria and Spain on the one hand, which desired to keep them an open pass, and between France and Venice on the other, which wanted them closed against their political rivals. Hence the Valtellina has been called the Helena of a new Trojan War. Graublinden was invaded during the Thirty Years' War by Austro-Spanish and French armies. After varied fortunes, the Italian provinces were lost to Graublinden through Napoleon, who, by a stroke of the pen, Oct. 10, 1797, annexed the Valtellina, Bormio, and Chiavenna to the new Cisalpine Republic. The Congress of Vienna transferred them to Austria in 1814, and since 1859 they belong to the united Kingdom of Italy.
§ 37. The Reformation in the Grrisons. Comander. GaUieius.
Campell.
The work of Campell quoted in § 36.
Baktholomaus Anhoen : Heilige Wiedergeburt der evang. Kirche in den gemeinen drei Biindten der freien hohen Rhiitien, oder Beschreibung Hirer Reformation und Religionsverbesserung, etc. Brugg, 1680 (pp. 246). A new ed. St. Gallen, 1860 (pp. 144, 8°). By the same: Piintner Aufruhr im Jahr 1607, ed. from MSS. by Conradin von Mohr, Chur, 1862 ; and his Graw-Piintner [Graubundner]-Krieg, 1603-1629, ed. by Conr. von Mohr, Chur, 1873.
* Petkus Dominiccs Rosius de Porta (Reformed minister at Scamff, or Scanfs, in the Upper Engadin) : Historia Reformationis Ecclesiarum Raticarum, ex genuinis fontibus et adhuc maximam partem numquam impressis sine partium studio deducta, etc. Curiffi Rsetorum. Tom. I., 1771 (pp. 658, 4°) ; Tom. II., 1777 (pp. 668) ; Tom. III., Como, 1786. Comes down to 1642. Next to Campell, the standard authority and chief source of later works.
Leonhard Trcog (Reformed pastor at Thusis) : Reformations- Geschichte von Graubiinden aus zuverldssigen Quellen sorgfaltig geschopft. Denhmal der drit-
136 THE SWISS REFORMATION.
ten Sekular-Juhelfeier der Bundnerischen Reformation. Chur (Otto), 1819 (pp. 132). — Beformationshuchlein. Ein Denkmal des im Jahr 1819 in der Stadt Chur gefeierten Jubel/estes. Chur (Otto), 1819 (pp. 304). * Christian Ijimanuel Kind (Pfarrer und Cancellarius der evang. rliatischen Synode, afterward Staats-Archivarius of the Grisons, d. May 23, 1884) : Die lieformation in den Bisthiimern Chur und Como. Dargestellt nach den besten dlteren und neueren Hiilfsmitteln. Chur, 1858 (Grubenmann), pp. 310, 8°. A popular account based on a careful study of the sources. By the same: Die Stadt Chur in ihrer dltesten Geschichte, Chur, 1859; Philipp Gallicius, 1868; Georg Jenatsch, in "Allg. Deutsche Biogr.," Bd, XIII. — Georg Leonhardi (pastor in Brusio, Poschiavo) : Philipp Gallicius, Reformator Graubiindens. Bern, 1865 (pp. 103). The same also in Romansch,
— H. G. Sulzberger (in Sevelen, St. Gallen, d. 1888) : Geschichte der Reformation im Kanton Graubiinden. Chur, 1880. pp. 90 (revised by Kind).
— Florian Peer : L'eglise de Rhe'tie au X VI'"^ et XVII"'^ siecles. Geneve, 1888. — Herold: J. Komander, in Meili's Zeitschrift, Zurich, 1891.
The Christianization of the Grisons is traced back by tradition to St. Lucius, a royal prince of Britain, and Emerita, his sister, in the latter part of the second century.^ A chapel on the mountain above Coire perpetuates his memory. A bishop of Coire (Asimo) appears fbst in the year 452, as signing by proxy the creed of Chalcedon.^ The bishops of Coire acquired great possessions and became temporal princes.^ The whole country of the Grisons stood under the jurisdiction of the bishops of Coire and Como.
The state of religion and the need of a reformation were the same as in the other cantons of Switzerland.
The first impulse to the Reformation came from Ziirich
1 He is identified, in the tradition of Wales, with King Lucius who introduced Christianity into Britain and built the first church at LlandafE in 180. See Alois Liitolf, Die Glaubensboten der Schiceiz vor St. Callus, Luzern, 1871, pp. 95-125. He gives from MSS. the oldest Vita S. Lucii Con/essoris (pp. 115-121).
2 S. Asimo was not himself at Chalcedon, 450, but authorized Abundantius, bishop of Como, to give his assent to the Chalcedon Christology at a council held at Milan in 452, as appears from the following document : " Ego Abundantius episcopus ecclesia; Comensis in omnia supra scripta pro me ac pro absente sancto fratre meo, Asimone, episcopo ecclesi.e cdriensis pri- MiE Rh^ti^, subscripsi, anathema dicens his qui de ificarnationis Dominicce Sacramento impie senserunt." Quoted by Eichhorn, I.e. pp. 1 and 2.
3 Frederick Barbarossa gave to the bishop the title priticeps, about 1170.