THE NEW
SCHAFF-HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
EELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE
EMBRACING
BIBLICAL, HISTORICAL, DOCTRINAL, AND PRACTICAL THEOLOGY
AND BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL, AND ECCLESIASTICAL
BIOGRAPHY FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES
TO THE PRESENT DAY
Based on the Third Edition of the Realencyklopadie Founded by J. J. Herzog, and Edited by Albert Hauck
PREPARED BY MORE THAN SIX HUNDRED SCHOLARS AND SPECIALISTS
SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.
( Editor-in- Chief )
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
CHARLES COLEBROOK SHERMAN
AND
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
(Associate Editors)
AND THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT EDITORS
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.
(Department of Systematic Theology )
HENRY KIM CARROLL, LL.D.
(Department of Minor Denominations)
JOHN THOMAS CREAGH, D.D.
(Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders)
(TOL. I.)
JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.
(Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders) (VOLS. II. TO XII.)
JAMES FREDERIC McCURDY, PH.D., LL.D.
(Department of the Old Testament) HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.
(Department of the New Testament)
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D,
(Department of Church History)
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A.
(Department of Pronunciation and Typography)
~m i - ■•-
Con^jplete tn {Twelve IDoIumes
_^ "^gjfe^" —
FUNK AND WiEGfff^SES COMPANY NEW YORK AND LONDON
THE NEW
SCHAFF-HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
KELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE
EMBRACING
BIBLICAL, HISTORICAL, DOCTRINAL, AND PRACTICAL THEOLOGY
AND BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL, AND ECCLESIASTICAL
BIOGRAPHY FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES
TO THE PRESENT DAY
Based on the Third Edition of the Realencyklopadie Founded by J. J. Herzog, and Edited by Albert Hauck
PREPARED BY MORE THAN SIX HUNDRED SCHOLARS AND SPECIALISTS
SAMUEL MAOAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.
( Editor-in- Chief )
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
CHARLES COLEBROOK SHERMAN
AND
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
(Associate Editors)
AND THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT EDITORS
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.
(Department of Systematic Theology )
HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D.
(Department of Minor Denominations)
JOHN THOMAS CREAGH, D.D.
(Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders)
(VOL. I.)
JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.
(Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders)
(VOLS. II. TO XII.)
JAMES FREDERIC McCURDY, PH.D., LL.D.
(Department of the Old Testament) HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.
(Department of the New Testament)
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.
(Department of Church History)
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A,
(Department of Pronunciation and Typography)
VOLUME I AACHEN — BASILIANS
FUNK AND WAGNALLS COMPANY
NEW YORK AND LONDON
Copyright, 1908, by FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY
Registered at Stationers' Hall, London, England
[.Printed in the United States of America] Published May, 1908
EDITORS
SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.
(Editok-in-Chiep. ) Professor of Church History, New York University.
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
CHARLES COLEBROOK SHERMAN
Editor in Biblical Criticism and Theology on " The New International Encyclopedia," New York.
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
New York, Formerly Professor of Biblical History and Lecturer on Comparative Religion, Bangor Theological Seminary.
DEPARTMENT EDITORS, VOLUME I
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.
(Department of Systematic Theology.)
Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological
Seminary.
HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D.
(Department of Minor Denominations.)
One of the Corresponding Secretaries of the Board of Foreign
Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church, New York.
JOHN THOMAS CREAGH, D.D.
(Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders.)
Professor of Canon Law, Catholic University of America,
Washington, D. C.
HUBERT EVANS, Ph.D.
(Office Editor.)
Member of the Editorial Staff of the Encyclopaedia Britannica
Company, New York City.
JAMES FREDERICK McCURDY, Ph.D., LL.D.
(Department of the Old Testament.) Professor of Oriental Languages, University College, Toronto.
HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.
(Department of the New Testament.) Professor of the Literature and Interpretation of the New Testament, Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass.
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.
(Department of Church History.)
Professor of Church History, Baylor Theological Seminary
(Baylor University), Waco, Tex.
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A.
(Department of Pronunciation and Typography.)
Associate Editor of the Standard Dictionary, etc..
New York City.
COOTBIBUTOBS AND COLLABOBATOBS, VOLUME I
HANS ACHELIS, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, University of Halle.
SAMUEL JAMES ANDREWS (f),
Late Pastor of the Catholic Apostolic Church, Hartford, Conn.
CARL FRANKLIN ARNOLD, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Breslau.
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.,
Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Seminary.