THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
may be mentioned — in German: R. Pauli, Berlin, 1851, Eng. transl., London, 1853, and J. B. Weiss, Freiburg, 1852; in English: T. Hughes, London, 1878; E. Conybeare, ib. 1900; W. Besant, The Story of King Alfred, ib. 1901; C. Plummer, Cambridge, 1902; and the volume of essays by different writers, ed. A. Bowker, London, 1899. Consult also Lappenberg, Geschichte von England, vol. i., Hamburg, 1834. Eng. transl. by B. Thorpe, ii., London, 1845; W. Stubbs, Constitutional History of England, vol. i., Oxford, 1880; E. A. Freeman, History of the Norman Conquest, vol i., ib. 1880; A. Bowker, The King Alfred Millenary, London, 1902.
ALFRIC, al'fric (^ELFRIC) (Alfricus Grammaticus): Anglo-Saxon abbot. He was a scholar and friend of Athelwold of Abingdon, afterward bishop of Winchester (c. 963), and was abbot of Cerne in Dorsetshire and of Ensham (c. 1006). He has been identified, probably with insufficient reason, with Alfric, archbishop of Canterbury (996-1006), and with Alfric, archbishop of York (1023-51). He did much for the education of clergy and people, and his name is second only to that of King Alfred as a writer of Anglo-Saxon prose. He was a strong opponent of the doctrine of transubstantiation. His writings include a grammar with glossary, a collection of homilies, and a translation of the first seven books of the Old Testament.. The iElfric Society was founded in London in 1842 to publish his works as well as others. For this society B. Thorpe edited two books of the homilies (2 vols., London, 1844-46); the third book has been edited by W. Skeat (/Elfric's Lives of Saints, London, 1881). The grammar may be found in the Sammlung englischer Denkmdler, Berlin, 1880; the Heptateuchus, in C. W M. Grein, Bibliothek der angelsachsischen Prosa, i. (Cassel, 1872).
Bibliography: DNB, i. 164-166; Caroline L. White, /Slfric (Yale Studies in English, No. ii.), Boston, 1898.
ALGER, ol"zhe', OF LIEGE (ALGER OF CLUNY,
Algerus Scholastieus, and Algerus Magister): Theological writer of the twelfth century; d. at Cluny 1131 or 1132. He enjoyed the instruction of the best teachers in the cathedral school of Liege, which was then the great school of northwestern Germany, and a nursery of high-church notions. Alger, afterward scholastieus at the cathedral, does not seem to have been a champion of this tendency. After the death of Bishop Frederick, in 1121, he retired to the monastery of Cluny, where he lived on very friendly terms with Abbot Peter. He is described as a man of great intellect, a wise counselor, faithful in every respect, of wide learning, yet modest and unassuming. The most noteworthy of his writings are: (1) De sacramentis corporis et sanguinis domini libri Hi., which occupies a prominent place among the rejoinders to Berengar's doctrine of the Eucharist. The first book treats of the doctrine of the substantial presence of Christ in the Eucharist, aiming to prove it from Scripture and tradition; it then treats of the reception of the sacrament, especially of worthy participation. The second book treats of different controversies respecting the matter, form, and efficacy of the sacraments. The third opposes especially those who make the legality and efficacy of the sacrament dependent on the worthiness of the dispenser. The difficult questions are treated clearly
and acutely. In the main Alger follows Guitmund of Aversa, but not without expansion of his doctrine in some points. He was the first to assert the two propositions that the human nature of Christ because of its exaltation above all creatures has the faculty of remaining where it pleases and existing at the same sime undivided in every other place and that the sensual qualities of the elements exist after the transubstantiation as accidentia per se, i.e., without subject. (2) In the Tractatus de misericordia et justitia, important for the history of canon law and Church discipline, Alger attempts to explain and harmonize the apparent contradictions between the different laws of the Church. Each proposition is given in a brief thesis or title, followed by numerous quotations from Scripture, the Fathers, councils, and genuine and spurious papal decretals as proofs; the authorities which seem to oppose each other, are put in juxtaposition; and a reconciliation is attempted. Many patristic passages as well as many of the explanatory chapterheadings are copied from this work in the Decretum Gratiani. Alger, however, was not the only predecessor and pattern of Gratian, as the whole development of ecclesiastical and canonical science was in that direction. S. M. Deutsch.
Bibliography: Alger's works are in MPL, clxxx. Consult the Histoire litteraire de la France, xi. 158 sqq.; A. L. Richter, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Quellen des kanonischen Rechts, pp. 7-17, Leipsic, 1834; H. Hiiffer, Beitrage zur Geschichte der Quellen des Kirchenrechts, pp. 1-66, Miinster, 1862; Wattenbach, DGQ, ii. (1894) 145, 513.
ALGER, al'jer, WILLIAM ROUNSEVILLE: Unitarian; b. at Freetown, Mass., Dec. 30, 1822; d. in Boston Feb. 7, 1905. He was a graduate of Harvard Divinity School, 1847, and held various pastorates (Roxbury, Mass., 1848-55; Boston, as successor of Theodore Parker, 1855-73), but after 1882 lived in Boston without charge. His best-known books are The Poetry of the Orient (Boston, 1856, 5th ed., 1883) ; The Genius of Solitude (1865, 10th ed., 1884); Friendships of Women (1867, 10th ed., 1884), and particularly A Critical History of the Doctrine of a Future Life (Philadelphia, 1863, i2th ed., Boston, 1885), to which Ezra Abbot furnished his famous bibliography of books on eschatology (see Abbot, Ezra).
ALGERIA. See Africa, II.
ALLARD, ol"lar', PAUL: Layman, French Christian archeologist; b. at Rouen Sept. 15, 1841. He was educated at the College Libre de Bois-Guillaume (near Rouen) and at the Faculty de Droit of Paris. He was admitted to the bar, and for many years has been a judge in the civil court of his native city. He is a member of the Rouen Academy, as well as of the Academie de Religion Catholique and the Academie Pontificate d'Archeologie, both of Rome. He is likewise a corresponding member of the Societe des Antiquaires de France, and the editor of the Revue des traditions historiques of Paris. His chief works are: Les Esclaves chritiens depuis les premiers temps de I'Eglise jusqu'd la fin de la domination romaine en Occident (Paris, 1876; crowned by the French Academy); L'Art pa'ien sous les empereurs chritiens (1879); Esclaves, serfs et mainmortables (1884); Histoire des persi'cutions