RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Archeology Archimandrite
Bingham, Joseph). A number of monographs followed during the eighteenth century, and during the nineteenth the study was pursued with new vigor. C. W. Augusti's Denkwiirdigkeiten aus der christlichen ArcMologie (12 vols., Leipsic, 1817-31), Lehrbuch der christlichen Alterthiimer fur akademische Vorlesungen (1819), and Handbuch der christlichen Archaologie (3 vols., 1836-37; cf. J. E. Riddle, A Manual of Christian Antiquities, Compiled from the Works of Augusti and Other Sources, London, 1839 1843; L. Coleman, The Antiquities of the Christian Church, Translated and Compiled from the Works of Augusti, with Numerous Additions from Rheinwald, Siegel, and Others, Andover, 1841), were works of value. A. J. Binterim in his Vorziiglichste Denkwiirdigkeiten der kristkatholischen Kirche (7 vols., Mainz, 1825-37) purposely ignored Protestant researches and contributed little to the subject. Other works worthy of mention are G. F H. Rheinwald, Kirchliche A rchaologie (Berlin, 1830); H.E.F. Guericke, Lehrbuch der christlich-kirchlichen Alterthiimer (Leipsic, 1847, Berlin, 1859; Eng. transl., London, 1851); V. Schultze, Archaologie der christlichen Kirche, in Zockler's Handbuch der theologischen Wissenschaften, ii. (Munich, 1889). Lexical works are: W. Smith and S. Cheetham, Dictionary of Christian Antiquities (2 vols., London, 1875-80); • F. X. Kraus, Real-Encyklopadie der christlichen Alterthiimer (2 vols., Freiburg, 1880-86) ; Orazio Marnecchi, Elements d' Archeologie chretienne (3 vols., Rome and Paris, 1890) ; F. Cabrol, Dictionnaire d'arch&ologie chretienne et de liturgie (Paris, 1903 sqq.). A useful and readable book is Walter Lowrie's Monuments of the Early Church (New York, 1901). For works on Christian art, see Art and Church. Victor Schultze.
Bibliography: F. Piper, Einleitung in die monumentale
Theologie, Gotha, 1867; F. X. Kraus, Ueber Begriff, Um-
fang, Geachichte der christlichen Archaologie, Freiburg,
1879.
ARCHES, COURT OF: The court of appeal of the archbishop of Canterbury. Its name comes from the original place of the court in the vestry of the Church of St. Mary of the Arches, which was in the crypt. The judge was originally called the Official Principal of the Arches Court, but now is called the Dean of the Arches, because the functions of dean and principal have been united. The dean once was set over thirteen churches in London, which were exempt from the bishop of London's jurisdiction, but now he has no such authority as the churches are no longer exempt. The office is only titular .and the court itself has no regular place of meeting but sits in the library of Lambeth Palace or in the church house. The court is rarely convened. The judge is the only ecclesiastical judge authorized to sentence clergymen of the Church of England to deprivation. Appeals from the decision of the court are heard by the judicial committee of the Privy Council. The present judge (1906) is Sir Arthur Charles, appointed by the archbishop of Canterbury in 1899 and holding alife office.
ARCHEVITES, or'ke-voits: The name of a people mentioned only in Ezra iv. 9, possibly one of the tribes settled by the Assyrians in Samaria (II Kings xvii. 24). While it is possible that
the name was an official designation, it is better taken as meaning "inhabitants of Erech" (see Apharsachites) .
ARCHICAPELLANUS, ar"kl-ka-pel'la-nus (also called capellanus sacri palatii, and by Hincmar of Reims apocrisiarius): The title of the principal ecclesiastical dignitary at the court of the Frankish sovereigns, who not only presided over the other court chaplains but also had the oversight of the court school, and from the reign of Louis le Debonnaire (814-840) adjudicated all matters of justice at court which affected ecclesiastics. It was thus a very influential position. In 856 the archicapellanus was put at the head of the court chancery, which had been managed under the Merovingian line by a secular commission and under the Carolingians by a cancellarius. The combined functions were entrusted to Archbishop Liudhard of Mainz in 870, and the title archicancellarius became commonly applied to the office, which under the Ottos was definitely attached to the see of Mainz. But from 1044 the archbishop only bore the latter title, while that of archicapellanus once more designated a strictly court functionary, whose place was taken after the thirteenth century by the almoner (q.v.). (E. Friedberg.)
Bibliography: A. J. Binterim, Denkwiirdigkeiten der christ-
katholischen Kirche, I ii. 83 sqq., Mainz, 1825; G. Waitz,
Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte, iii, 516 sqq., iv. 415, Kiel,
1860-61 .
ARCHIEREUS, ar"ki-ar'e-us : A common designation in the Greek Orthodox Church for the higher clergy in distinction from the other from presbyter down.
ARCHIMANDRITE, or"ki-man' droit (Gk. archimandrites, " ruler of the fold," '/nandra, " fold," being applied to a monastic association as consisting of the sheep of Christ): A name given to the head of a larger monastic community, either the abbot of a single monastery or, more in accord with the meaning of the word, the general abbot of several monasteries belonging to one congregation. The title was in general use in the East as early as the fifth century. In the West it is found in the rules of Isidore of Seville (vi.) and Columban (vii.), of the latter part of the same century. From the tenth century it served as a general designation of prelates, even of archbishops. In 1094 Roger of Sicily put all Basilian monks of Sicily and Calabria under an archimandrite, who was later superseded by a secular prelate. By a brief of Urban VIII. , Feb. 23, 1635, the archimandrite of Messina was granted quasiepiscopal jurisdiction, the use of the pontificals, and other privileges. The abbots of the Greek Uniate Churches in Poland, Galicia, Transylvania, Hungary, Slavonia, and Venice also have the title "archimandrite." In the Russian Church the archimandrites enjoy high honor and wear marks of respect which elsewhere belong only to bishops — infulae, staves, crosses, and the like. They are gene?ally under the diocesan bishop, though many had become immediately subject to the patriarch of Constantinople or the Russian metropolitan previous to the formation of the Holy Synod. Consult Du Cange and, for a most exhaustive treatment, ACL, s.v.
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