RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Auburn Augsburg
nibus el progressu episcopalis judicii in causis civilibus laicorum usque ad Justinianum, Berlin, 1832; Turck, De jurisdiclionis civilis per medium cevum . . origine et progressu, Minister, 1832; B. Matthiass, Die Entwicklung des ramischen Schiedsgerichts, pp. 130 sqq., Rostock, 1888. There is an Eng. transl., with introduction and notes, of the Institutes of Justinian, by T. C. Sanders, London, 1888.
AUDIN, o"dan' (JEAN MARIE), VINCENT: French Roman Catholic; b. at Lyons 1793; d. at Paris Feb. 21. 1851. He studied theology at the seminary of l'Argentiere, then studied law, but in 1814 went to Paris and lived thenceforth as bookseller and author. He wrote Histoire de la Saint- Barthelemy (2 vols., Paris, 1826); Histoire de Luther (2 vols., 1839; Eng. transl., Philadelphia, 1841); Histoire de Calvin (2 vols., 1841); Histoire de Henri VIII (2 vols., 1847; Eng. transl., London, 1852); Histoire de Leon X (2 vols., 1844). His work has been criticized as prejudiced and unscholarly.
Biblioghaphy: J. Barbey d'Aurevilly, Notice sur J. M. Audin, Paris, 1856.
AUDREY, SAINT. See Etheldreda, Saint. AUFKLARUNG, THE. See Enlightenment,
THE.
AUGER, o"zhe', EDMOND: Jesuit preacher; b. at Alleman, near Troyes, France, 1530; d. at Como June 17, 1591. He made a pilgrimage to Rome, and, while filling a menial position, attracted the notice of Loyola, who admitted him to the novitiate; sent back to France as mission preacher, he is said to have converted more than 40,000 Huguenots to the Church of Rome. He became court preacher and confessor to Henry III in 1575, and founded the Congregation of the Penitents of the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary, 1583. He wrote ascetical and controversial works, but is best known by his Catechisme jrangais, written in Lyons, 1563 (published at Paris, 1568).
Bibliography: For his life consult N. Bailly, Paris, 1652; Dorigny, Avignon, 1828; M. A. Pericaud, Lyons, 1828.
AUGSBURG, BISHOPRIC OF: The origin of the Augsburg bishopric is lost in obscurity, but there is no doubt that it goes back to the days of the Roman empire. The importance of the colony of Augusta Vindelicorum is sufficient to account for the early introduction of Christianity there. That it was evangelized from the north of Italy is probable from the fact that it originally formed a part of the ecclesiastical province of Aquileia. It survived the downfall of the empire, the Alemannic conquest, and the subjection of the Alemanni in their turn to Frankish rule. The early boundaries of the diocese, including not only Suabian but also Bavarian and Frankish territory, give further evidence that it was in existence before the establishment of Teutonic dominion. The present diocese has lost a few Austrian districts and those parts which are now in Wiirttemberg, but has retained so much of the old diocese of Constance as is now Bavarian. From the foundation of the archbishopric of Mainz, Augsburg was a suffragan see under its jurisdiction until the reorganization of 1817 transferred it to the newly founded province of Munich. The secular jurisdiction which the bishops 01 Augsburg had exercised for more than a thousand years was taken from them in 1802 and trans- 'erred to the Elector of Bavaria. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: P. I. Braun, Geschichte der Bischofe von Augsburg, 4 vols., Augsburg, 1813-15; A. Steichele, Das Bistum Augsburg beschrieben, 6 vols., Augsburg,
1864-1901; consult also Rettberg, KD; Friedrich, KDand Hauck, KD.
AUGSBURG CONFESSION AND ITS APOLOGY.
Origin of the Confession (§1).
Its Character and Contents (§ 2).
Origin of the Apology (§3).
History of the Confession and the Apology (§ 4).
On Jan. 21, 1530, the Emperor Charles V issued letters from Bologna, inviting the German diet to meet in Augsburg Apr. 8, for the purpose of discussing and deciding various important questions. Although the writ of invitation was couched in very peaceful language, it was received with suspicion by some of the Evangelicals. The farseeing Landgrave of Hesse hesitated
i. Origin to attend the diet, but the Elector of the Con- John of Saxony, who received the writ
fession. Mar. 11, on Mar. 14 directed Luther, Jonas, Bugenhagen, and Melanchthon to meet in Torgau, where he was, and present a summary of the Protestant faith, to be laid before the emperor at the diet. This summary has received the name of the " Torgau Articles." On Apr. 3 the elector and reformers started from Torgau and reached Coburg on Apr. 23. There Luther was left behind. The rest reached Augsburg May 2. On the journey Melanchthon worked on an " apology," using the Torgau articles, and sent his draft to Luther at Coburg on May 11, who approved it. Several alterations were suggested to Melanchthon in his conferences with Jonas, the Saxon chancellor Briick, the conciliatory bishop Stadion of Augsburg, and the imperial secretary Alfonso Valdez. On June 23 the final form of the text was adopted in the presence of the Elector John of Saxony, the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the Margrave George of Brandenburg, the Dukes Ernest and Francis of Liineburg, the representatives of Nuremberg and Reutlingen, and other counselors, besides twelve theologians. After the reading the confession was signed by the Elector John of Saxony, Margrave George of Brandenburg, Duke Ernest of Liineburg, the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the Prince Wolfgang of Anhalt, the representatives of Nuremberg and Reutlingen, and probably also by the electoral prince John Frederick and Duke Francis of Liineburg. During the diet the cities of Weissenburg, Heilbronn, Kempten, and Windesheim also expressed their concurrence with the confession. The emperor had ordered the confession to be presented to him at the next session, June 24; but when the evangelical princes asked that it be read in public, their petition was refused, and efforts were made to prevent the public reading of the document altogether. The evangelical princes, however, declared that they would not part with the confession until its reading should be allowed. The 25th was then fixed for the day of its presentation. In order to exclude the people, the little chapel of the episcopal palace was appointed in place of the spacious city hall, where the meetings of the diet were held. The two Saxon chancellors Briick and Beyer, the one with the Latin copy, the other
Augsburg