THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
of historical and practical theology in the Wittenberg Theological Seminary. He has been for several years a member of the " common service " committee for the General Synod of the Lutheran Church, and was president of the General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States 1905—07. He has written 7s the Ministry an Attractive Vocation ? (Philadelphia, 1901), and has been editor of The Lutheran World since 1901.
BAUSMAN, BENJAMIN: Reformed (German); b. at Lancaster, Pa., Jan. 2S, 1S24. He was educated at Marshall College (B.A., 1S51) and the Theological Seminary, Mercersburg, Pa. (1852). He was ordained to the Reformed ministry in 1853, and held successive pastorates at Lewisburg, Pa. (1853-61), Chambersburg, Pa. (1861-63), First Reformed Church, Reading, Pa. (1863-73), and St. Paul's Reformed Church, Reading, which he founded in 1S73. He was president of the General Synod of the Reformed Church at Baltimore in 1884. He was editor of The Reformed Messenger in 1858 and of The Guardian from 1867 to 1882. In the year 1867 he founded Der reformierte Hausfreund, of which he is still the editor. He has written Sinai and Zion (Philadelphia, 1860); Wayside Gleanings in Europe (Reading, 1878); Bible Characters (1893); and Precept and Practice (Philadelphia, 1901); in addition to editing Harbaugh's Harfe, a collection of poems in Pennsylvania Dutch (Reading, 1870).
BAUSSET, bo"se', LOUIS FRANCOIS DE: Cardinal; b. at Pondicherry Dec. 14, 1748; d. at Paris June 21, 1824. He studied in the Seminary of St. Sulpice; was appointed Bishop of Alais, 1784; emigrated in 1791, but returned in 1792 to Paris, and supported himself, after a short imprisonment, by literary labor. In 1806 he was made canon of St. Denys, and in 1815, after the second return of Louis XVIII, director of the council of the University of Paris, peer of France, and cardinal 1817 He wrote the Histoire de Fenelon (3 vols., Paris, 1808) and Histoire de Bossuet (4 vols., Versailles, 1814).
BAUTAIN, bo"tan', LOUIS EUGENE MARIE: French philosopher; b. at Paris Feb. 17, 1796; d. at Viroflay, near Versailles, Oct. 15, 1867. He became professor of philosophy at Strasburg in 1819. He was a pupil of Cousin and a student of German philosophy, and, his teaching not being acceptable to the church authorities, he was suspended in 1822. He modified his views and took holy orders in 1828, and resumed teaching. In 1834 he again fell into difficulty with the Bishop of Strasburg because of his teachings concerning the relation of reason and faith; in 1838 he went to Rome and sought in vain to have his views approved there. In 1840 he submitted, became vicar-general of Paris in 1849, and professor at the Sorbonne in 1853. He held that the human reason can not prove such facts as the existence of God and the immortality of the soul, and that the truths of religion are communicated purely by divine revelation. His most important works
were: Philosophie du Christianisme (2 vols., Strasburg, 1835); Psychologie experimental} (2 vols., 1839; new ed., with title Esprit humain et ses facultes, Paris, 1859); Philosophie morale (2 vols., Paris, 1842); La morale de I'fivangile comparie aux divers systemes de morale (1855). He had much repute as an orator and published an Etude sur Vart de parler en public (1856; Eng. transl., The Art of Extempore Speaking, London, 1858). Bibliography: E. de Regny, L'Abbe Bautain, Paris, 1884.
BAUTZ, JOSEF: Roman Catholic; b. at Keeken (near Cleves) Nov. 11, 1843. He was educated at Munster, where he became privat-docent of apologetics and dogmatics in 1877, being promoted to the rank of associate professor in 1892. He has written Die Lehre vom Auferstehungsleibe (Paderborn, 1877); Der Himmel, spekulativ dargestellt (Mainz, 18S1); Die Holle, im Anschluss an die Scholastik (1882); Das Fegfeuer Im Anschluss an die Scholastik (1883); Weltgericht und Weltende. Im Anschluss an die Scholastik (1886); Grundziige der christlichen Apologetik (1887); and Grundziige der katholischen Dogmatik (4 vols., 1888-93).
BAVARIA: A kingdom in the southern part of the German Empire, and, next to Prussia, the largest of the states of the Empire; area, 29,282 square miles; population (1900), 6,176,057, of whom 4,357,133 (70.5 per cent.) are Roman Catholics; 1,749,206 (28.3 per cent.) Protestants; 5,430 Old Catholics; 3,170 Mennonites; 54,928 (.9 per cent.) Jews; and 4,142 of various faiths.
The division of the chief confessions is based in great part on the historic conditions prevailing in 1624 and 1648, although the development of the cities has been the cause of many changes, the proportion of Protestants having increased in Munich and that of the Roman Catholics in Nuremberg. The old Bavarian circles of Upper and Lower Bavaria, as well as the Upper Palatinate, have always been essentially Roman Protestant- Catholic. Upper Bavaria received its ism in first Protestant citizens in the early
Bavaria, part of the nineteenth century, but in consequence of the rapid growth of Munich in recent years the Protestants of that city alone numbered 78,000 in 1900. Six pastorates and six immovable vicariates are also contained in the district, and seven small churches have been built in market-towns and villages. Since the sixteenth century Lower Bavaria has possessed the Protestant enclave of Ortenburg with certain neighboring places, while more recently communities have been established in the larger cities, especially Passau. The Upper Palatinate was not completely converted to Roman Catholicism in 1622-28, since the duchy of Sulzbach and the imperial city of Regensburg retained congregations of both confessions, who used the same churches; but with the increase in population the proportion of Protestants steadily declined. The district now has four deaneries with forty-eight pastorates. In the three old Bavarian districts provision is made for the Protestant Diaspora by itinerant preachers, four of whom work in Upper Bavaria