THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
or eighth century, and a copy of the Gospels is dated a century later (facsimile in Tsagareli). The edition printed at Moscow, 1743, has been retouched from the Slavonic. S. C. Malun in 1862 used this version for his edition of the Gospel of John. On the Georgian manuscripts of the library at Paris there is a recent paper by A. Khakhanov.
E. Nestle.
Bibliography: Scrivener, Introduction, ii, 156; A. A. Tsagareli, " Information about the Monuments of Georgian Literature " (Russian), parts i-iii, St. Petersburg, 1886-94; C. R. Gregory, Prolegomena, iii, 922-923, Leipsic, 1894; idem, Textkritik, i, 573; J. M. Bebb, in DB, iv, 861; A. Palmieri, Le Versions Georgiane della Bibbia, in Bessarione, 2 ser., vol. v, 259-268, 322-327, vi, 72-77, 189- 194, Rome, 1901-02. On the people consult: A. Leist, Das georgische Volk, Dresden, 1903.
X. The Gothic Version of Ulfilas: Ulfilas (q.v.), the Moses of the Goths, as Constantine styled him (cf. TSK, 1893, 273), was made bishop probably in 341 at Antioch and died in 381 or 383. He gave to his people the alphabet and the Bible, but, according to Philostorgius (Hist, eccl., ii, 5), omitted to translate the books of Kings because he thought they contained too much about war for the good of his fierce countrymen. Of the Old Testament very few fragments are left; viz., Gen. v, 3-30; Ps. Iii, 2-3; Ezra xv (i.e. Neh. v), 13-16, xvi, 14-xvii, 3, xvii, 13-45. The translation follows the recension of Lucian (see above, I, 1, § 5). The Gothic priests Sunnias and Fretela, who were in correspondence with Jerome about the true readings of certain passages in the Psalter some twenty years after the death of Ul filas (cf . Jerome, Epist., cvi) , were perhaps engaged in a revision of the Gothic Psalms. That the Psalms were sung in Gothic at Constantinople is testified by Chrysostom (cf. the dissertation of J. Muhlau, Zur Frage nach der gotischen Psalmenubersetzung, Kiel, 1904). On the fragments of Ezra (Nehemiah), cf. E. Langner, Die gotischen Xehemia- frag mente (Sprottau, 1903).
More of the New Testament is preserved, thanks to the Codex Argenteus now in Upsala, also by a palimpsest from Weissenburg discovered in Wolfenbiittel in 1756, and fragments at Turin discovered by Angelo Mai in 1817 and by Reifferscheid in 1866. The Codex Argenteus must have had a very near relationship to Codex f. of the Latin Bible (cf. M. Haupt, Die Vorrede der gotixchen Bibeliibersetzung, in his Opuscula, vol. iii, Leipsic, 1876; Burkitt, JTS, i, 129; Kauffmann, ZDP, xxxii, 305- 335; Draseke, ZWT, 1907). It was perhaps part of a Greek, Gothic, and Latin Testament. The version is very faithful, following the text used by Chrysostom. More than 100 Greek and Latin words were retained by Ulfilas (cf. C. Elis, JJeber die Fremdworter und fremden Eigennamen in der gotischen Bibeliibersetzung, Gottingen, 1903).
E. Nestle.
Bibliography: E. Bernhardt, Kritische Untersuchungen uber die gothische Bibeliibersetzung, Meiningen, 1867; K. Weinhold, Die gothische Sprache im Dienste des Christenthums, Halle, 1870; A. Kisch, Der Septuaginta-Codex des Ulphilas, in Monatsschrift fur Gesrhichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums, xxii (1873), 42-46, S5-89, 215-219; O. Ohrloff, Die Bruchstiicke . der gothischen Bibelubersetzung, Halle, 1873; idem, in ZDP, vii (1876), 251-295; A. Schaubach, Ueber das Verhiiltnis der gothischen Bibeliibersetzung zu der Luther ischen , Meiningen,
1879; G. Kaufmann, in Zeitschrift fur deutsches Alterthum, xxvii (1883); K. Marold, Kritische U ntersuchungen uber den Einfluss des Lateins auf die gothische Bibeliibersetzung, Kfmigsberg, 1881; C. R. Gregory, Prolegomena, iii, 1108, Leipsic, 1894; F. Kauffmann, in ZDP, xxix (1896), 306-337; W. Bangert, Der Einfluss lateinischer Quellen auf die gothische Bibeliibersetzung, Rudolstadt, 1880; W. Luft and F. Vogt, in Zeitschrift fur deutsches Alterthum, xlii (1898); J. Muhlau, Zur Frage nach der gotischen Psalmenubersetzung, Kiel, 1904. On the language consult: G. H. Balg, Comparative Glossary of the Gothic Language, 8 parts, New York, 1887-90; J. Wright, A Primer of the Gothic Language, London, 1899; on the Gothic alphabet, W. Luft, Studien zu den altesten germanischen Alphabeten, Giitersloh, 1898.
The Codex Argenteus was first published by Franciscus Junius (du Jon), Dort, 1665; with the other fragments, glossary, etc., by H. C. de Gabelentz and J. Loebe, Leipsic, 1836 and 1846; inlfacsimilebyA. Uppstrom, Upsala, 1854, supplemented in 1857 by ten leaves which had been stolen but afterward recovered. The edition most used in Germany is by F. L. Stamm, Paderborn, 1858, 9th ed., with dictionary by M. Heyne and grammar by F. Wrede, 1896. Another ed. with apparatus is by E. Bernhardt.'Halle, 1875 (text ed., 1884). There is an American edition by G. H. Balg, The First Germanic Bible, Milwaukee,1891. Partial eds. are J. Bosworth, The Gothic and Anglo-Saxon Gospels with . Wycliffe and Tyndale, London, 1865, new
ed., 1907, and W W Skeat, Mark, London, 1882.
B. Modern Versions.
I. Arabic Versions: "There are more Arabic versions of the Gospels than can be welcome to theology, with its press of work," wrote Lagarde in the preface of his edition of the four Gospels in Arabic (Leipsic, 1864). There are translations made from Hebrew, Samaritan, Coptic, Latin, Syriac, and Greek. There was not, as it seems, a translation into Arabic before Mohammed (cf. M. J. de Goeje and M. Schreiner, in Semitic Studies in Memory of Alexander Kohut, Berlin, 1897, p. 49.5). John of Seville is said to have produced an Arabic Bible about 737; the chronicle of Michael Syrus mentions an Arabic translation of the Gospels made under direction of John, patriarch of Antioch, at the command of the emir Amru. The "Indians" mentioned by Chrysostom between Egyptians and Persians as in possession of the Scriptures in their mother tongue may be South- Arabians, but there is no additional information about this version.
Of translations from the Hebrew Old Testament, by far the most important is the work of Saadia ben Joseph, the Gaon, from the Fayyum (d. 942; see Saadia). On Saadia and his translation, cf. H. Ewald and L. Dukes, Beitrage zur Geschichte der altesten A uslegung und Spracherkldruna des alten Testaments, ii (Stuttgart, 1844); S. Munk, in La Bi'olc, traduction nouvelle . par S. Cahen, ix (Paris, 183S>, 73- 159; M. Steinschneider, Die arabische Literatur der Juden (Frankfort, 1902), 56 sqq.; and especially the edition of his collected works by J. H. Derenbourg, vol. i, the Pentateuch (Paris, 1893); iii, Isaiah(1896); iv, Proverbs (1S99); v, Job (ed. Bacher, 1899). On the question of the text, cf. P. Kahle, Die arabischen Bibelubersetzungen . . (Leipsic, 1904), no. viii, and against him Bacher, in TLZ, 190.5, no. S. Saadia's translation of the Pentateuch was printed first in Hebrew letters with the Hebrew text, Targum and a Persian translation at Constantinople, 1546, then in the Paris and London Polyglots (see Bibles, Polyglot, III, IV). For Genesis and Exodus, cf. Lagarde, in his Materialien :><r Kritik (Leipsic, 1867). Kahle used for his specimen a manuscript of Florence and Wolfenbiittel, not used by Derenbourg. On Isaiah, cf. Derenbourg, in ZATW, 1890, pp. 1- 84. Of Job there is an edition by J. Cohn (Berlin, 18S91. On the Psalms, cf. the dissertations of Haneberg, in AM A, 1841, iii, 2; J. Cohn, in Maga-in fur die Wissenschaft des Judentums, 1881. On Canticles, cf. A. Morx, Die Saadjanische Ueltrrsctzung des Hnhcn Liedcs ins Arabische (Heidelberg, 1882). On Proverbs, cf. a dissertation of Jonas