THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Killin, and in 1783-1801 a translation of the Old Testament prepared by John Stuart, Jr., and John Smith. At the instance of the same society, Dr. Mark Hildesley, bishop of Man, distributed different parts of the Bible among the Manx-speaking clergy of the Isle of Man, with the view of having a translation prepared into this tongue. The whole was revised by P. Moore and his pupil John Kelly. In 1770-72 the Bible in Manx was printed for the above society at Whitehaven under the supervision of J. Kelly, and is the basis of all later editions.
Before the Reformation hardly any parts of the Bible were translated into Cymric. In 1562 the House of Commons resolved to have the Bible and tiie Book of Common Prayer translated into Cymric within four years, and made the bishops of Bangor, St. Asaph, Hereford, Llandaff, and St. Davids responsible for its execution. The New Testament was published in London in 1567, and in 1588 the whole Bible (revised by Bishop Richard Parry, 1620) . All later issues follow Parry's revised text. The Bible has never been translated into Cornish. A manuscript belonging to the first half of the eighteenth century contains a translation of Gen. i, iii; Matt, iv, vi, 9-13, vii; and the ten commandments. Before the beginning of the nineteenth century only short passages of the Bible had appeared in the Breton. The British and Foreign Bible Society published at Angouleme in 1827 the New Testament translated by the Breton scholar Le Gonidec into the dialect of Leon. The translation was made from the Vulgate, and was for other reasons unsuitable. A new translation by the Baptist missionary John Jenkins was printed at Brest in 1847. Le Gonidec's translation of the Old Testament was revised by Troude and Milin, and published at Saint-Brieuc in 1866. In 1SS3 the Trinitarian Bible Society published a New Testament in the dialect of Treguier, prepared by the Breton Protestant G. Ar C'hoat, and in 1889 the whole Bible. A Roman Catholic translation of the New Testament was published in Guingamp in 1853, and an edition of the Psalms at Paris in 1S73. For linguistic purposes C. Terrien translated the Gospel of Matthew into the dialect of Vannes (Lundayn, 1857) at the instance of Lucien Bonaparte.
(H. Zimmer.)
Bibliography: J. Reid, Bibliotheca Scoto-Celtica, Glasgow, 1S32; the Scottish-Celtic Review, Nov., 1881, pp. 150 sen.; T. Llewelyn, An Historical Account of the British or Welsh Versions and Editions of the Bible, London, 1768; W. Rowland, Llyfryddiaeth of Cyrnry, pp. 10-21, 41-50, 93-97, Llandloe?. 1869; Revue Celtique, vi, 3S2, xi, 1S0-190, 368; Bible of Every Land, pp. 151-173, London, 1861; I. Ballinger, The Bible in Wales, London, 1900.
III. Dutch Versions: The first printed Dutch version (Delft, 1477), was made, apparently by a layman, probably about 1300 from the Latin. Some parts, which the translator was unwillirg to popularize, as Deut. xxii, 13-21, are passed over with a reference to the Latin text. Difficult passages have explanations mostly from the Historia scholastica of Peter Comestor. The printed edition omits Psalms and the New Testament, though both are contained in a good manuscript of this version at
Vienna. A vi
ood translation of the Psalms is
found in several incunabula. About 1,300 translations of the New Testament, or at least of the church lessons or of the life of Christ, began to be made. A translation of the New Testament of Erasmus appeared at Delft in 1524, and two years before at Antwerp a translation of Luther's version was printed by Hans van Roemundt (repeated at Basel, 1525 and 1526, also, a little altered, at Amsterdam, 1526). The Old Testament with the Pentateuch and Psalms translated from Luther, the rest the text of the Delft edition revised, was printed, also by Roemundt, in 1525 in four small vols.; and the first complete Dutch Bible was printed at Antwerp in 1526 by Jacob van Liesvehlt. It was reprinted and corrected several times until 1546, when Charles V prohibited the edition.
Roman Catholic editions of the New Testament followed in 1527, 1530, and 1533, in Dutch and Latin in 1539. The whole Bible did not appear until after the meeting of the Council of Trent, at Cologne in 1548 by Alexander Blanckart, and at Louvain in the same year by Nicolaus van Winghe with a sharp preface against the Protestant editions. In 1599 it was revised after the official Vulgate of 1592, again in 1717 by .Flgidius Wit of Ghent. After 1820 the Roman Catholics were allowed to use editions without notes, and such an edition of 1599, called the Morentorf Bible (from its publisher), was circulated by the British and Foreign Bible Society.
The division of Dutch Protestantism into various parties, Lutherans, Mennonites, and Reformed, caused the production of various versions. The Lutherans received a version in 1558 after Bugenhagen's edition in Low German; it has been several times revised and reprinted up to 1851. The Mennonites used a version printed by Nicolaes Biestkens at Emden in 1560, the first Dutch edition with verse divisions. The Reformed received another in 1556, based on the Zurich Bible of 1548-49 (see below, VII, § 5); but in 1562 they adopted a version based on Luther's, called the Deux Aes or Eulenspiegel Bible (from the marginal notes at Neh. ii, 5 and Ecelus. xix, 5). The Remonstrants used at first the Staatenbibel (see below) but received a New Testament of their own from Hartsoeker in 1680.
After the beginning of the seventeenth century the necessity of improving the Dutch versions was felt and was shown especially by W Baudartius of Zutphen, who published in 1614 an emended translation. As early as 1594 the States General determined on undertaking a revision. The result is the Staatenbibel. At first Philips van Marnix (q.v.) was entrusted with the task of a new translation; in 1596 Johannes Drusius (q.v.) was appointed his assistant. The. Synod of Dort discussed the question in eight sessions in Nov., 1618, and May, 1619. The work of translation was completed in 1632, the revision of the Old Testament Sept., 1634, that of the New Testament, Oct. 10, 1635. The first edition was printed, with and without notes, in 1638, but not published before July 29, 1637. An official list of misprints followed in 1655 and in 1711 for the first time an edition was stereotyped. An edition of 500 copies of the N*Vw Testament was printed for Peter the Great in 1717,