(R. KlTTEL.)
Bibliogbaphy: P. Scholz, Gotzendienst und Zauberwesen bei den Hebraern, Regensburg, 1877; C. F. Keil, Biblical Archwology, ii, 457, Edinburgh, 1888; R. Smend, Alttestamentliche Religionsgeschichte, § 334, Freiburg, 1893; DB, i, 307, 534-535; EB, i, 591-592; JE, iii, 242-247. For ethnic parallels consult: E. B. Tylor, Primitive Culture, pp. 112-132, New York, 1877; I. Goldziher, Muhammidanische Studien, 2 vols., Halle, 1889-90; Wellhausen, Heidentum; F. T. Elworthy, The Evil Eye, London, 1895; F. B. Jevons, Introduction to Hist, of Religion, chaps, iii-iv, ib. 1896; G. B. Frazer, Golden Bough, i, 97, ib. 1900; S. I. Curtiss, Primitive Semitic Religion, New York, 1902.
BLISS, DANIEL: Congregational missionary; b. at Georgia, Vt., Aug. 17, 1823. He was graduated at Amherst College in 1852 and Andover Theological Seminary in 1855. He was ordained to the Congregational ministry in 1855, and immediately went to Syria as a missionary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, remaining there in this capacity until 1862. Four years later he was appointed president of the Syrian Protestant College, Beirut, and retained this position until 1902, when he resigned and became president emeritus. He is the author of a number of works in Arabic, particularly a text-book of mental philosophy and another of natural philosophy.
Sliss Biood
THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
BLISS, EDWIN MUNSELL: Congregationalist; b. at Erzerum, Turkey, Sept. 12, 1848. He was educated at Robert College, Constantinople, High School, Springfield, Mass., Amherst College (B.A., 1871), and Yale Divinity School (B.D., 1877). He was assistant agent of the American Bible Society for the Levant in 1S72-88 (excepting 1875-77, when he was completing his theological studies in America), and after his return to America in 1888 edited The Encyclopedia of Missions (New York, 1889-91) and was associate editor of The Independent in 1891-1901. He was an editorial writer on Harper's Weekly and The New York Times in 1901-02, and was field secretary of the American Tract Society for New England in 1903-04. He was then pastor of the Congregational church at Sanford, Fla., in 1904-05, and general secretary of the Foreign Missions Industrial Association in 1905-06. In 1907 he became connected with the United States Census Bureau in Washington. In theology he is liberal -orthodox. He has written Turkey and the Armenian Atrocities (Philadelphia, 1896); The Turk in Armenia, Crete, and Greece (1896); and Concise History of Missions (Chicago, 1897).
BLISS, FREDERICK JONES: American archeologist; b. at Mount Lebanon, Syria, Jan. 22, 1859. He was educated at Amherst College (B.A., 1880), and was for three years principal of the preparatory department of the Syrian Protestant College, Beirut, Syria. He then studied at Union Theological Seminary, where he was graduated in 1887. Returning to Syria, he was an independent explorer until his appointment, in 1890, as explorer to the Palestine Exploration Fund (London). During the ten years in which he held this position, he excavated the mound of Tell-el-Hesy (Laehish) in 1891-93, and from 1894 to 1897 was engaged in excavations at Jerusalem. In 1898-1900 he excavated four Palestinian cities. In addition to numerous briefer contributions, he has written A Mound of Many Cities ; or Tellel-Hesy Excavated (London, 1894); Excavations at Jerusalem, 1894-1897 (1898); Excavations in Palestine during 1898-1900 (1902; in collaboration with R. A. S. Macalister); and The Development of Palestine Exploration, the Ely lectures at Union Seminary for 1903 (New York, 1906).
BLISS, HOWARD SWEETSER: Congregational missionary; b. at Mount Lebanon, Syria, Dec. 6, 1860. He was educated at Amherst College (B.A., 1882), Union Theological Seminary (1884- 1887), and the universities of Oxford (1887-88), Gottingen, and Berlin (1888-89). He taught at Washburn College, Topeka, Kan., in 1883-84, and after his return from Europe to the United States was successively assistant pastor of Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, N. Y. (1SS9-94), and pastor of the Christian Union Congregational Church, Upper Montclair, N. J. (1894-1902). Since 1902 he has been president of the Syrian Protestant College, Beirut, Syria.
BLISS, ISAAC GROUT: Congregational foreign missionary; b. at Springfield, Mass., July 5, 1822; d. at Assiut, Egypt, Feb. 16, 1889. Educated at
Amherst College (B.A., 1844) and at Yale and Andover (1847) theological seminaries, he served as missionary of the American Board at Erzerum, Eastern Turkey, 1847-52, when the failure of his health compelled his return to the United States. In 1857 he returned to the foreign field as agent for the Levant of the American Bible Society, with residence in Constantinople.
BLISS, WILLIAM D WIGHT PORTER: American Protestant Episcopalian; b. at Constantinople Aug. 20, 1856. He was educated at Robert College, Constantinople, Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., Amherst College (B.A., 1878), and Hartford Theological Seminary (1882). He was ordained to the Congregational ministry, but after holding pastorates in Denver, Col., and South Natick, Mass., he entered the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1885, and was ordered deacon in 1886 and ordained priest in the following year. He was minister at Lee, Mass., in 1885-87, and was then successively rector of Grace Church, South Boston (1887-90), Linden, Mass. (1890), Church of tne Carpenter, Boston, Mass. (1890-94), Church of Our Savior, San Gabriel, Cal. (1898-1902), and Amityville, L. I. (since 1902). He has taken an active interest in social reform, and in 1889 organized the first Christian Socialist Society in the United States, and has since been its secretary, while he has been president of the National Social Reform League since 1899, and was the Labor candidate for lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts in 1887 He has also been secretary of the Christian Social Union since 1891, and in 1905 was a member of the United States Labor Department on the Unemployed. In theology he is a radical Broad-churchman. He edited The Dawn (1889-96), The American Fabian (1895-96), The Civic Councillor (1900), and the Encyclopedia of Social Reform (New York, 1898; 1908); and has written Hand-Book of Socialism (London, 1895).
BLODGET, HENRY: Congregational foreign missionary; b. at Bucksport, Me., July 13, 1825; d. at Bridgeport, Conn., May 23, 1903. Educated at Yale College (B.A., 1848) and at Yale Divinity School, he was a missionary in China of the American Board from 1854 to 1894, living in Peking from 1864 on. He shared in the translation of the New Testament into the Mandarin colloquial of Peking, and independently translated much in prose and verse.
BLOMFIELD, CHARLES JAMES: Bishop of London; b. at Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, May 29, 1786; d. at Fulham Palace Aug. 5, 1857 He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A., 1808); was ordained 1810; became chaplain to Bishop Howley of London 1819; archdeacon of Colchester 1822; bishop of Chester 1S24; bishop of London 1828. He retired from office in 1S56 after a vigorous and effective administration. He was a noted Greek scholar, edited a Greek grammar (Cambridge, 1818), and a number of Greek texts (the dramas of ^Eschylus, 1810-24; Callimachus, 1815; Euripides, 1821; fragments of Sappho, AIcumik, and Stesichorus for Gaisford's PoctiT mi norus Grivci, 1823), and wrote much for the