THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Edward I against Philip. Fair criticism must, however, reject the accusations of debauchery entirely, since they rest on no trustworthy testimony; and quite as groundless is the charge of heresy brought against him by his foes. Clement V had good foundation for the doubtful praise which he bestows upon Boniface when he calls him a destroyer of heretics; for he not only confirmed, but even strengthened the laws passed against heresy by Frederick II. He had a great influence on the development of the canon law by the issue in 1298 of his so-called Liber se.rtus, — a continuation of the five books which Gregory IX had put together in 1234; it contains his own decrees as well as those of his predecessors since Gregory's time. It must be mentioned to his credit that he erected higher schools at Avignon and at Fermo in the March of Ancona, modeled after the University of Bologna, for the study of theology, civil and canon law, medicine, and the liberal arts; and he has a special title to the gratitude of Rome for the refounding of the Roman University, originally established by Charles of Anjou in 1265. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: Walter de Heminghburgh, Chronicon de gestis regum Anglice, ed. H. C. Hamilton, pp. 39 sqq., London, 1848; Rishanger, Chronica, ed. H. T. Riley, pp. 145 sqq., 483 sqq., ib. 1865; Annates Parmenses majores, in MGH, Script., xviii (1863), 715 sqq.; Chronicon Colmar, ib. xvii (1861), 263; Guilelmus de Nangiaco, Chronicon, ib. xxvi (1882), 647 sqq. The bulls Clericis laicos and Unam sanctam are translated in Thatcher and Mc- Xeal, Source Book, pp. 311-313, 314-317, and other relevant documents on pp. 276, 313; the bulls are also in Henderson, Documents, pp. 435-437; Unam sanctam is in Robinson, European History, i, 346-348; the Clericis laicos is also in Gee and Hardy, Documents, pp. 87-88; the Lat. text is in Reich, Documents, pp. 191-195. Valuable for sources is also G. Digard, M. Faucon, and A. Thomas, Les Registres de Boniface VIII. Recueil des bulles de ce pape . d'apres les MSS. originaux des archives du Vatican, 5 vols., Paris, 1884-90; T. H. Finke, Aus den Tagen Bonifaz VIII., Miinster, 1902.
For Boniface's life and activities consult: L. Tosti, Storia di Bonifazio VIII., 2 vols., Monte Cassino, 1846; Jorry, Histuire du pape Boniface VIII., Plancy, 1850; W Drumann, Geschichte Bonifacius VIII., 2 vols., Konigsberg, 1852 (critical); A. von Reumont, Geschichte dcr Stadt Rom, ii, 618, Berlin, 1868; A. Potthast, Regesta pontificum Romanorum, ii, 1923-2024, 2133, Berlin, 1S75; F Gregorovius, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, v, 502, Stuttgart, 1878, Eng. transl., London, 1898; W. Wattenbach, Geschichte des romischen Papsllums, 216 sqq., Berlin, 1S76; Balan, II Processo di Bonifazio VIII., Rome, 1SS1; F. Rocquain, La Papaute au moyen dge. . Boniface
VIII., Paris, 1881; idem, Philippe le Bel et la bulle Ausculta fill, in Bibliotheque de Vecole des chartes, 1883, pp. 393-394; B. Jungmann, Dissertationes selectw, vol. vi, Regensburg, 1886; J. Berchtold, Die Bulle Unam sanctam, Munich, 1887; W. Martens, Das Vaticarnim und Bonifaz VIII., Freiburg, 1888; Neander, Christian Church, iv, 67, 632. v, 1-13 and passim; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vi. 281 .qq.; Bower, Popes, iii, 43-55, 64; R. Scholz, Die Publizistik zur Zeit Bonifaz VIII , LeiDsic
1903. '
On his relations to the various European states consult: F. C. DalMmann, Geschichte von Diinemark, i, 425 sqq., Hamburg, 1840; R. Pauli, Geschichte von England, vol. iv, Gotha, 1855; E. Boutaric, La France sous Philippe le Bel, pp. SS sqq., Paris, 1861; A. Baillet, Hislnire des demeles du pape Boniface VIII. arec Philippe le Bel, Paris. 1818; E. Engelmann, Der Anspruch dcr Papste auf Konfirmalion bei den deutschen Kiinigswahlen, Breslau, 1886; Fessler, Geschichte von Ungarn, i, 451 sqq., ii, 3 sqq., Leipsic, 1867-69; J. B. Sa^muller, Die ThMiuicit und Stellung der Cardinale bis Bonifaz VIII., Freiburg, 1896; J. Caro, Geschichte Polens, Gotha, 1863.
Boniface IX (Pietro Tomacelli): Pope 1389- 1404. He came of a noble Neapolitan family, and was made a cardinal by Urban VI, whom he succeeded Nov. 2, 1389. He is said to have been judicious, affable, and pious, but without learning or knowledge of affairs. His principal aim was the restoration of the papal authority in Rome and the States of the Church, for which he labored not unsuccessfully. The Romans, it is true, expelled him from the city in 1392, but fearful that he might fix his residence permanently elsewhere, they recalled him in the following year. He returned on condition of the surrender of a great part of the civic liberties; and another rising in 1398 gave him the opportunity to limit them still further. He was fortunate also in regard to Naples, where things were in a condition very unfavorable to the papacy, owing to the confused policy of Urban VI. Clement VII and Louis II of Anjou thought the time had come to make a thorough conquest of the kingdom, but Boniface made a close alliance with King Ladislaus and finally gained a complete victory over the French, holding Naples in the Roman obedience. By the aid of his political influence, Boniface hoped to succeed in ending the great schism, at first depending on the German king Wenceslaus, whom he invited to Rome for coronation as emperor; but matters were in too critical a state in Germany for him to leave. An appeal to Charles VI of France in 1392 to abandon his allegiance to Clement had no good result; nor had a similar attempt in Castile. The hope of accommodation raised by the death of Clement VII (Sept. 16, 1394) was destroyed by the action of the Avignon cardinals, who elected Benedict XIII. In the contests resulting in the deposition of Wenceslaus and the attempt to put the count palatine Rupert in his place, Boniface wavered from side to side, and only expressed his willingness to recognize Rupert in 1403 from a fear that he would be thrown into the arms of the king of France. Boniface acquired an unenviable reputation for avarice, nepotism, and simoniacal transactions. He died Oct. 1, 1404. (A.. Hauck.)
Bibliography: Some of the sources for a history of Bonirauc IX are the following: The bulls are in O. Raynaldus, Annates ecclesiastici, ed. Baronius, continued by A. Theiner, Paris, 1864 sqq.; the Diplomata are in Monumenta vaticana historiam Hungarice illustrantia, vol. iii, Budapest, 1888; Dietrich von Nieheim, De Schismate, book ii, chap. 6 sqq., ed. G. Erler, pp. 129 sqq., Leipsic, 1880; Gobelinus Persona, Cosmodromium, in H. Meibom, Rerum Germanis-arum., i, 316 sqq., Helmstadt, 1688; and a Vita in L. A. Muratori, Rerum Italicarum script.. Ill, ii, 830, 25 vols., Milan, 1723-38. Consult further: M. Jansen, Papst Bonifatius IX., Freiburg, 1904; Historia de
Bonifazio nono, Venice, 1613; N. Valois, La France et le grand schisme, ii, 157, Paris, 1896; Creighton, Papacy, i, 111-183; Pastor, Popes, i, passim; Neander, Christian Church, vol. v, passim; Bower, Popes, iii, 143-152; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vi, 812.
BONIFACE, SAINT: The apostle of the Germans; b. at Crediton (8 m. n.w. of Exeter), Devonshire, between 675 and 683; d. a martyr on the banks of the Borne near Dokkum (13 m. n.e. of Leeuwardcn), in Friesland, June 5, 755. He was an Englishman of a distinguished family of Wessex, and was originally named Winfrid or Wynfrith. His studies were begun at the monastery of AJes-