RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Calvinism Cambridge Platonists
classes, and exercised a great influence over the emperor Otto III., who, it is asserted not improbably, promised him to exchange the crown for the cowl after he had conquered Rome. Though Romuald disclaimed any intention of taking part in ecclesiastical politics, he raised his voice loudly in Italy against simony and the marriage of the clergy. His zeal called him to the mission- field; disciples of his penetrated into Russia and Poland, there to meet death for their faith, and the desire of the martyr's crown finally took the aged hermit himself to Hungary. Ill health hindered his work there, and he returned to die in 1027.
His zeal for a reform of monastic] sm remained active in his followers. They did not, however, emphasize the hermit ideal to the same extent, and the Italian movement gradually approximated to that of Cluny. Romuald's spirit was best followed in the community of Camaldoli, which received papal confirmation from Alexander II. in 1072. Its rale was first written in 1080 by the fourth prior, Rudolph, who modified in some respects the extreme strictness of Romuald's prescriptions, and also founded (1086) the first convent of nuns under this rale, San Pietro di Luco at Mogello. Camaldoli received many rich gifts, and the congregation spread throughout Italy, without, however, producing any very notable men except the famous jurist Gratian (q.v.). The transition from the hermit to the community life became more marked, in spite of the efforts of Ambrose the The Carnal- Camaldolite (q.v.) of Portico, " major " dolese. or head of the congregation in 1431, supported by Pope Eugenius IV., to restore the old ideals. In 1476 the community of St. Michael at Murano near Venice renounced the obedience of Camaldoli, and formed a group of distinctly cenobitic Camaldolese houses, confirmed as a congregation by Innocent VIII. In 1513 Leo X. reunited all the Camaldolese monks under the headship of Camaldoli, providing that the major should hold office for but three years, and be chosen alternately from the hermits and the cenobites. But in 1520 he allowed Paolo Giustiniani to draw up new statutes and to form the new communities of hermits which he was to found into an independent congregation of St. Romuald. This new congregation, which took its name from Monte Corona near Perugia, had a very strict rule; it spread through Germany, Austria, and Poland. A fourth congregation, that of Turin, was founded m 1601 by Alejandro di Leva (d. 1612), to take in the hermits of Piedmont. A branch of this became practically a separate congregation on account of the political views of Richelieu, who was unwilling that the French hermitages should be subject to Italian superiors. By a brief of Urban VIII. (1635), its head was always to be a Frenchman, and directly subject to the pope. From !u42 ^ros"Bois near Paris was its mother house. All the French communities perished at the Revolution. The congregation of Camaldoli has now six houses, including Camaldoli itself and one famous for its picturesque site high above Naples, ihe principal house of the Murano congregation is !>an Gregorio in Rome, from which came the only
Camaldolese monk who has occupied the papal throne, Gregory XVI. (1831-46). Outside of Italy there is only the community of Bielany in the diocese of Cracow, belonging to the congregation of Monte Corona. The total membership of the order is not more than 200. Convents of nuns exist only in Rome and Florence.
(G. Grutzmacher.)
Bibliography: Petrus Damianus, Vita Romualdi is in Damianus, Opera, ed. C. Cajetanus, ii. 255 sqq., Rome 1608 and MPL, cxliv. 953 sqq. Another Vita is in ASB 7th Feb., n. 124-140. Consult: G. B. Mittarelli and G. D. Costadoni, Annates Camaldulenses, 9 vols., Venice 1755- 1773; W. Wattenbach, Deutschlands Geschichtsque'llen i 436, Berlin, 1S93; C. W. Currier, Hist, of Religious Orders pp. 118-123, New York, 1896; P. Helyot, Ordres monastiques, vol. v.; Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregationen, i. 203-208.
CAMBRAI, cah"bre': An ancient archbishopric in the north of France. As early as the beginning of the fifth century, when the Franks invaded Gaul, Cameracum was an important town, as is evident from Gregory of Tours (Hist. Francorum, ii. 9). On the death of Lothair II. it passed to Charles the Bald. Later its possession was contested by the emperors, the counts of Flanders, and the kings of France. It was taken from the French by the Spaniards in 1595, but has been a part of France since 1677.
The traditional list of its bishops begins with Diogenes, said to have been sent by Pope Siricius (384-398); but this is untrustworthy. Firm historical ground is reached first with St. Vedast, who was consecrated bishop of St. Remigius, bishop of Reims, and presided over the churches of Arras and Cambrai until his death in 540. The see was transferred to Cambrai under Vedulf (545c. 580), but the two remained united until Arras received a bishop of its own in 1093. Among later incumbents of the see of Cambrai may be mentioned the holy Odo (1105-06), the unfortunate Cardinal Robert of Geneva (bishop from 1368, antipope 1378-94), the renowned Pierre d'Ailly (1397-c. 1425); and, after its elevation in 1559 to the rank of an archbishopric, Fenelon (1695- 1715), and Cardinal Dubois (1720-23). The Revolution deprived Cambrai of its metropolitan dignity, subjecting it as a simple bishopric to the see of Paris, but in 1842 it was once more made an archbishopric, with Arras as suffragan. Its magnificent ancient cathedral was destroyed in the Revolution, with the exception of the tower, which fell in a great storm in 1809. The present cathedral was formerly the Benedictine church of the Holy Sepulcher.
Bibliography: M. A. le Glay, Recherches sur Veglise metropolitaine de Cambrai, Cambrai, 1825; idem, Cameracum christianum, Lille, 1849; H. J. P. Pisquet, La France pontificate, s.v. Cambrai, 22 vols., Paris, 1864-71; KL, ii. 1750-55.
CAMBRIDGE PLATFORM. See Congrega-