RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Cappel Caraccioli
were to be fitted in the most meager manner possible. In addition to the general, the Capuchins had provincials, custodians, and guardians, but no procurators or syndics. Elections were held annually, except in the case of the general, who was elected by the chapter triennially.
The first vicar-general was Matteo di Bassi himself, but two months after his election in 1529 he resigned, and in 1537 returned to the Observances. He was succeeded by Lodovico di Fossombrone, who failed of reelection in 1535 rand was expelled for exciting dissatisfaction within the order. The next heads of the Capuchins were Giovanni de Fano and Bernardino Since the Ochino (q.v.). The defection of the Reforma- latter to Protestantism in 1543 caused tion. Paul III. to contemplate the dissolution of the order, and for a number of years the Capuchins were forbidden to preach. The result of Ochino's act was the transformation of the Capuchins into a rigidly ultramontane order which renounced all independent judgment in matters of faith and doctrine.
After the middle of the sixteenth century the spread of the order was rapid. Originally restricted to Italy, it was established in France at the request of Charles IX. in 1573, and in 1593 entered Germany, after having already been implanted in Switzerland. In 1606 it was in Spain, and thirteen years later was freed from the Conventuals and received its own general, as well as the right to march in processions under its own cross. The Capuchins, who then had 1,500 monasteries and fifty provinces, followed the Spaniards and Portuguese across the sea, and toiled valiantly for the Church in America, Africa, and Asia beside their great rivals, the Jesuits. In the suppression of the monastic orders in France and Germany at the end of the eighteenth century, the Capuchins suffered severely, and had also to endure much south of the Pyrenees. In the nineteenth century, however, they again prospered, and at its close numbered fifty provinces with 534 monasteries and 294 hospices. The twenty-five Italian provinces are officially suppressed, but retain a limited existence. Of the other twenty-five, Germany contains two, Austria and Hungary seven Switzerland two, Belgium and Holland one each, France five, Great Britain three, Russia and Poland two, and the United States two, that of Detroit with sixty-eight fathers and that of Pittsburg with sixty-five.
Capuchin nuns were founded at Naples in the first half of the sixteenth century, although, strictly speaking, they are a branch of the Clares. They now have a number of houses in France, Italy, Spain, and America, and are subject, when the nunnery contains the full number of thirty-three, to the jurisdiction of the general of the Capuchins, and in other cases to the bishop of the diocese in which they live.
Capuchin scholars have been authors of works of edification, practical exegesis, moral theology, and sermons. Among their most famous preachers have been Ochino, John Forbes, St. Laurence of Brindisi, Jacques Bolduc, Conrad of Salzburg, and
Martin of Cochem. Father Joseph, the confidant and adviser of Richelieu, and Father Matthew, the noted temperance lecturer, were Capuchins.
(0. ZoCKLEBf.) Bibliography: Sources for the history are: Z. Boverius, Annates ordinis minorum sive Francisci qui Capu-
ani nuncupantur, vols, i.-ii., Leyden, 1632-39, vol iii by Marcellin de Pisa, 1676; Michael a Tugio, Bullarium ordinis fratrum minorum . Capucinorum, 7 vols., Rome, 1740-52; Ordinationes et decisiones capitulorum generalium Capucinorum, ib. 1851; AnaUcta Capucinorum, an annual, ib. 1884 sqq". Consult further: Heimbuc'her, Orden und Kongregationen, i. 279, 315-328, 359, 361-362; L. Wadding, Annates Minorum, 2d ed. by J. M. Fonseca| xvi. 207, 24 vols., Rome, 1731-1860; Helyot, Ordre's monastirju.es, vii. 164-180; P. Lechner, Leben der Heiligen der Kapuziner, 3 vols., Munich, 1863; A. M. Ilg, Geist des . Franz von Assisi dargestellt in Lebensbildem a.us der Geschichte des Kapuziner -Ordens, Augsburg, 1876; K. Benrath, B. Ochino, passim, Leipsic, 1892; Currier, Religious Orders, pp. 244-248.
CAPUTIATI, ca-pu'ti-a"ti ("hooded," "capuched " ; also known as Paciferi and Blancs Chaperons): A society founded in 1183 at Puy-en- Velay (Le Puy, 68 m. s.w. of Lyons) in the Auvergne by a poor artisan called Durand to oppose the fearful devastations caused by the mercenary and predatory bands of the " Brabancons " or " Cotereaux." Durand claimed that the Madonna had authorized him to do this; the members of the society were to wear a white dress with a capuche and a leaden image of the wonder-working Madonna of Puy. Organized after the manner of an ecclesiastical brotherhood, the Caputiati followed the royal troops and took bloody vengeance on the destroyers of peace. The society did not last long. Later reports, but little reliable, make its members rebels against State and Church, who, as is alleged, were routed about 1186 and condemned to do penance. Even in late times, from too implicit reliance on these reports, the Caputiati have been considered a sect opposed to the Church.
Herman Haupt.
Bibliography: A. Kluckhohn, Geschichte des Gottesfriedens, pp. 126 sqq., Leipsic, 1857; E. Semichon, La Paix et la treve de Dieu, pp. 194, 390, Paris, 1857; L. Huberti, Studien zur Rechtsgeschichte des Gottes- und Landfriedens, i. 462 sqq., Ansbach, 1892; Legrand d'Aussy, in Notices et extraits des manuscrits de la Bibliotheque Nationale, torn, v., anno vii., pp. 290-293, Paris, 1798-99.
CARACCIOLI, ca-ra'chi-o"li, GALEAZZO (Marchese di Vico): Italian Protestant; b. at Naples 1517; d. at Geneva July 5, 1586. He was the most distinguished of the Italians who sought a refuge at Geneva when the reaction came over Italy; his mother was a sister of Pope Paul IV., he was in the royal service, and his wife was a Caraffa. At Naples he became acquainted with Juan de Valdes and Peter Vermigli, who at that time preached there, and was deeply impressed by these reformatory men. The evangelical ideas which he imbibed at Naples and which caused him many struggles in his family and in society, were deepened by a journey to Germany in 1544. He found it impossible to make open profession at Naples; the efforts to introduce the Inquisition after the Spanish pattern were frustrated by the resistance of the people in 1547 bordering on a revolution; but, nevertheless, the vice-regent urged the suppression of every anti-Roman opinion. Carac-
Caraffa Carlstadt