THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
cioli decided to forsake fatherland, position, and possessions rather than to continue as a hypocrite. Pretending to go to the imperial court at Augsburg, he left Italy, his wife refusing to follow him. He reached Geneva June 8, 1551, and joined the Italian community which was founded there in 1542. All efforts of his people to bring him back, renewed by Paul IV., after his accession in 1555, were in vain. Toward the end of 1555 he became a citizen of Geneva. He kept up correspondence with his wife and his son and in 1558 met them once more in a little isle of the Adriatic Sea and in the paternal castle at Vico; as they refused to follow him, in spite of his entreaties, he left them forever. The consistories of Geneva and other places declared his marriage dissolved, and in 1560 he married again. K. Benrath.
Bibliography: His life was written by N. Balbani, Historia della Vita di G. Caraccioli, Geneva, 1587, republished, Florence, 1875.
CARAFFA, ca-raf'fa, GIOVANNI PIETRO. See Paul IV., Pope.
CARCHEMISH, car'che-mish (modern Jerabis): A city situated on the right bank of the Euphrates in the upper part of its course. In the cuneiform inscriptions the name denotes either a Hittite state or the capital of that state, which long maintained itself against the Assyrians. Its earlier identification with Circesium, at the confluence of theChcbar with the Euphrates, is obsolete. The earliest mention dates from Ammi-zaduga (about 2200 B.C.), which speaks of the weight (measure) of Carchemish, a mention which agrees with a later Assyrian note of the " Mina of Carchemish," and with the city's location on one of the most important routes of commerce. It appears first in Assyrian annals in the accounts of Tiglath-Pileser I. about 1110 B.C. The Hittite power was at that early date already breaking under the pressure of the northern immigrations then going on, and was completed later by the Aramean migrations. King Sangara paid tribute to Asshurnasirpal (about 880 B.C.), was worsted in a conflict with Shalmaneser II., and was compelled again to pay heavy tribute and to send his daughter to the Assyrian's harem. Its last king, Pisiris, was taken prisoner by Sargon II., 717 B.C., and under Sennacherib the region was made an Assyrian province. Near it was fought the battle between Nebuchadrezzar and Necho which decided the fate of western Asia. (A. Jeremias. )
Bibliography: G. Ma^pero, De Carchemis oppidi situ, Leipsic, 1872; idem, Struggle of the Nations, pp. 144-145, London, 1896; J. Menant, Kur-Kamis, sa position, an appendix to the Fr. transl. of A. H. Sayce's Hittites, Paris, 1S91; W. M. Muller, Asien und Europa nach altagyptiachen Denkmalern, p. 263, Leipsic, 1893; DB i 353- EB, i. 702-703.
CARD ALE, JOHN BATE : Apostle of the Catholic Apostolic Church; b. in London Nov. 2, 1802; d. at Albury (26 m. s.w. of London), Surrey, July 18, 1877. After his schooling at Rugby he was admitted to the bar in 1S22, became head of a London firm of solicitors, and retired with a competency in 1834. He had already become interested in the religious movement, originating in Scotland, known as the "Catholic Apostolic Church"
(q.v.), whose distinguishing feature is its belief in the revival of the ministries and gifts seen in the apostolic age of the Church, especially of the ministries of apostles and prophets. Mr. Cardale was the first called of the twelve " apostles " of the Church, Henry Drummond (q.v.) being the second. This was in 1832, although it was not until July 14, 1835, when the number was completed, that the twelve were formally set apart to their work as an Apostolic College. Mr. Cardale was the author of a number of anonymous religious publications, the most noteworthy of which was Reagdins upon the Liturgy, London, vol. i., 1849-51, vol. ii., 1852-78. G. C. Boase, in the Dictionary of National Biography, says of him: " His strength of will, calmness and clearness of judgment, and kindness of heart and manner, added to the prestige of his long rule, made him a tower of strength. He was indefatigable in labour, of which he accomplished a vast amount; besides Latin and Greek, he was a good French and German scholar, and late in life learned Danish."
Samuel J. Andrews. Bibliography: DNB, ix. 36-38.
CARDINAL. See Curia, § 1.
CAREY, WILLIAM : Baptist missionary and Orientalist; b. at Paulerspury, Northamptonshire, Eng., Aug. 17, 1761; d. at Serampur, India, June 9, 1834. By baptism a member of the Established Church, he was early in life convinced of the Scriptural authority for the Baptist views, and joined this sect, in which he soon became a preacher. His congregations were very poor, and he supported himself and family by shoemaking. But his thirst for knowledge was strong; and he managed, notwithstanding the pressure of poverty, to acquire Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and a goodly amount of other useful learning, especially in natural history and botany. His attention was turned to the heathen, and he saw plainly his duty to go to them. On Oct. 2, 1792, largely through his exertions, the first Baptist missionary society was founded; and on June 13, 1793, he and his family sailed for India, accompanied by John Thomas, who had formerly lived in Bengal. On reaching Bengal early in 1794, Carey and his companion lost all their property in the Hugli; but, having received the charge of an indigo-factory at Malda, he cut off his pecuniary connection with the missionary society, and began in earnest what, instead of regular missionary labor, was to be the work of his life — the study of and translation both from and into the languages of India. In 1799 the factory was closed; and he went with Thomas to Kidderpur, where he had purchased a small indigo-plantation. Here, joined by Marshman and Ward, he started, under bright hopes, a mission, but soon encountered the opposition of the Indian government, which forbade the mission's enlargement, and compelled its removal, at a great pecuniary loss, to Serampur, a Danish settlement (1800), where it took a fresh lease of life. For some time Carey and Thomas had been diligently at work upon a version of the New Testament in Bengali. In 1801 it was published by the press