RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Carmelites Caroline Books
inspired with an asceticism and a devotion hitherto unknown to it. In 1593 the Discalced Carmelites had their own general, and by 1600 they were so numerous that it became necessary to divide them into the two congregations of Spain and of Italy, or St. Elias, the latter including all provinces except Spain. Henceforth there were four Carmelite generals: the general of the Observantines, of the independent congregation of Mantua, and of the two congregations of the Discalced Carmelites.
By the middle of the seventeenth century the Carmelites had reached their zenith. At this period, however, they became involved in controversies with other orders, particularly with the Jesuits. The special objects of attack were the traditional origin of the Carmelites and the source of their scapular. The Sorbonne, represented by Jean Launoy, joined the Jesuits in their polemics against the Carmelites. Papebroch, 4. Contro- the Bollandist editor of the Acta versies with Sanctorum, was answered by the Car- Other melite Sebastian of St. Paul, who Orders, made such serious charges against the orthodoxy of his opponent's writings that the very existence of the Bollandists was threatened. The peril was averted, however, and in 1696 a decree of Rocaberti, archbishop of Valencia and inquisitor-general of the holy office, forbade all further controversies between the Carmelites and Jesuits. Two years later, on Nov. 20, 1698, Innocent XII. issued a brief which definitely ended the controversy on pain of excommunication, and placed all writings in violation of the brief upon the Index.
The French Revolution and the sequestration of monasteries in southern Europe were heavy blows to the Carmelites. At the present time there are five provinces of Calced Carmelites (Rome, Malta, Iceland, England, and Galicia) and 5- Present eight of Discalced (Rome, Genoa, Status. Lombardy, Venice, Tuscany, Piedmont, Aquitaine, and Avignon), in addition to a number of isolated cloisters and priories of both Calced and Discalced Carmelites In various countries. (O. Zockler-j-.)
Bibliography: For sources consult: ASB for Mar. 6 and 29, and Apr. 8; D. Papebroch, Responsio ad expositionem errorum per Sebastianum a S. Paulo evulgatam, 3 vols., Antwerp, 1696-99; Chroniques de Vordre des Carmelites de la Reforme de Ste. Therese . en France, 5 vols., Troyes, 1846-65, second series, 4 vols., Poitiers, 1888-89. Consult further: Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregationen, ii. 1-32; Helyot, Ordres monastiques, i. 282- 399; H. E. Manning, Life of St. Teresa, London, 1865; H. J. Coleridge, Life and Letters of St. Teresa, 3 vols., ib. 1881-88; F. H. Reusch, Index der verbotenen Biicher, ii 267-276, 520-521, 691, Bonn, 1885; H. H. Koch, Die Karmelitenkloster der niederdeutschen Provinz, Freiburg, 1889; C. W. Currier, Carmel in America, Baltimore, 1890; idem, Religious Orders, pp. 284-304; L. A. le Moyne de la Borderie, Histoire des Carmes en Bretagne, Rennes, 1896; J. p. Rushe, Carmel in Ireland: Narrative of the Irish Province of Carmelites, London, 1897; B. Zimmermann, Carmel in England. Hist, of the Eng. Mission of the Carmelites, W15-1849, London, 1899; Life of St. John of the Cross, transl. and ed. by David Lewis, London, 1897.
CARNESECCHI, car'ne-seV'chi, PIETRO. See Italy, The Reformation in.
CAROLINE BOOKS.
Origin of the Caroline Books Book II. (§ 7)
™(§1)-. Book III. (§ 8).
Manuscripts and Editions Book IV. (§ 9).
•p (li2)' t « ^ ... „ Characterization of the Caro-
Problem of Authorship (§ 3). line Books (§ 10)
The Work Sent to Pope Importance of the Work
Adrian (§ 4). (§ n)
Relation of Original Work to Theological Standpoint (§12)
Larger Recension (§ 5). Later Influence of the Caro-
Book I. (§ 6). iine Books (§ 13)
" Caroline Books " is the name given to a criticism, of the proceedings of the Second Council of Nicaja (787), which appeared under the name of Charlemagne toward the end of the eighth century. The acts of the council had been sent to Charlemagne in a very imperfect Latin version. Already displeased with the attitude of the Byzantine court and the equivocal policy of Pope Adrian I., he took occasion to have the whole question of the iconoclastic controversy and of the validity of the council's action discussed by his theologians, and sent on the report of its proceedings to King Offa in England, with a request for the opinion of his. bishops. Alcuin, then in England, drew up their reply, and brought it to Charlemagne. It has been lost, and thus it is not now known in what relation it stands to the work which the emperor caused to be written about the same time (790 or soon after), and promulgated as having the assent of the bishops of his realm,, i. Origin under the title Opus inlustrissimi et of the excellentissimi seu spectabilis viri Caroli, Caroline nutu Dei regis Francorum contra
Books. Synodum, gum in partibus Grcecice pro adorandis imaginibus stolide et arroganter gesta est. The work, whose contents and spirit are sufficiently indicated by this title, consists of four books containing 120 chapters. It is preserved in two manuscripts, the Codex Parisinus and the Codex Vaticanus, the latter somewhat defective and apparently dating from the beginning of the tenth century. Two more were known in the sixteenth century, but have since been lost. One was said then to be extant in Rome, and a chapter from it was quoted by Steuchi, the papal librarian, in a polemical work against Laurentius Valla. The other, then extant in France, was the basis of the editio princeps of 1549, 2. Manu- printed probably in Paris and edited scripts and by Jean du Tillet, later bishop of St. Editions. Brieux and of Meaux. This edition, which the subsequent ones followed,, was used by the Protestants (Flacius, Calvin,. Chemnitz, and others) in their attacks on the Roman Catholic Church, and, therefore, put on the Index by the popes from 1564, which accounts for its rarity. Of the subsequent editions the best is that published by Heumann in 1731, which makes use of all the materials at his command and gives the introductions and notes of previous editors. The less perfect edition of Goldast (1608) is followed in MPL, xcviii.
The authenticity of the work was denied by many of the older Roman Catholic theologians, such as Surius (who thought it a sixteenth-century forgery), Bellarmine, Suarez, Baronius, and as.
Caroline Books