THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
venturing openly to condemn Adrian for encouraging superstition, though unconsciously, in the cultus of images. It was mainly through the influence of the Caroline Books that the Frankish Church excluded this cultus all through the ninth century. Even in the tenth we find the Nicene Council spoken of as " The pseudo-synod falsely called the Seventh," and the principle adopted that pictures are tolerated in the churches "only for the instruction of the ignorant," without any attempt on the part of Rome to enforce its anathema.
Charles and his theologians must thus have the credit of holding back for a time the influx of superstition into the West, while at the same time they asserted the rights of Christian art and its value for ecclesiastical decoration. When in the sixteenth century Tridentine Catholicism reaffirmed the proposition assailed in the Caroline Books, that veneration was paid not to the pictures but to their subjects ('" honos refertur ad prototypa "), and on the other hand Swiss Protestantism, in its abhorrence of idolatry, renewed the tumults of iconoclasm, the Lutheran controversialists, especially Flacius and Chemnitz, with cheerful confidence " went back to the moderation of Charlemagne." (A. Hattck.)
Bibliography: A luminous discussion is found in Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, iii. 695-717. Consult: H. J. Floss, Commentatio de suspecta librorum Carolinorum fide, Bonn, 1860; R. Baxmann, Die Poliiik der Papste, i. 29 sqq., 297-299, Elberfold. 1868; H. Reuter, Geschichte der Aufklilrung, i. 11 sqq., Berlin, 1877; F. H. Reusch, Index der verbotenen Biicher, i. 255, Bonn, 1883; O. Leift, Die litterarische Bewegung des Bilderstreits, v.il. i., Magdeburg, 1871; Neander, Christian Church, iii. 235-243 (still of great value, though supplementary reading is necessary); Schaff, Christian Church, iv. 467— 46S; Hauck, KD, ii. 105, 110, 316 sqq.; DCB.i. 405-406; KL, vii. 190-196; and the literature on Charlemagne.
CARPENTER, J(OSEPH) ESTLIN: English Unitarian; b. at Ripley (22 m. s.w. of London), Surrey, Oct. 5, 1844. He was educated at University College, London (1800-63), and Manchester New College (1860-66; B.A., University of London, 1863), and was successively minister of Oakfield Road Church, Clifton, Gloucestershire (1866-69), and Mill Hill Chapel, Leeds (1869-75). From 1X75 to 1906, he was a lecturer on Hebrew, Old Testament literature, and comparative religion in Manchester New College, first in London, then at Oxford, where he was appointed principal in 1906. He has edited the third, fourth, and fifth volumes of Ewald's History of Israel (London, 1*71-74), a portion of the Sumahgala Vilasinl (1880), and the Dlgha Xikuya (2 vols., 1890- 1903; both in collaboration with Rhys Davids); and The Hexateuch According to tile Revised Version (2 vols., 1900; in collaboration with G. Harford-Battersby); and has translated C. P. Tide's Geschiedenis van den Godsdienst tot aan de heerschappij der Wereldgoilsdiensten (Amsterdam, 1X70) under the title Outlines of the History of Religion (London, 1S78). His independent works include: Life ami Work of Mary Carpenter (London, 1879); Life in Palestine when Jesus Lived (1889); The First Three Gospels, Their Origin and Relations (1X90); Composition of the Hexateuch (1902); The Bible in the Nineteenth Cen-
tury (1903); Studies in Theology (1903; in collaboration with P. H. Wicksteed); The Place of Christianity Among the Religions of the World (1904); and James Martineau, Theologian and Teacher (1905).
CARPENTER, LANT: English Unitarian; b. at Kidderminster (15 m. s.w. of Birmingham), Worcestershire, Sept. 2, 1780; lost overboard from a steamer between Naples and Leghorn Apr. 5, 1840. He studied at Glasgow College 1798-1801; became a popular and successful school-teacher and preacher; was minister at Exeter 1805-17, and at Bristol 1817-39. He did much to broaden his denomination and to consolidate its scattered congregations; was a leader in philanthropic work; and was one of the most efficient of English schoolmasters. His publications were numerous, the most noteworthy being: An Introduction to the Geography of the New Testament (London, 1805); Unitarianism the Doctrine of the Gospel (1809; 3d ed., with alterations, Bristol, 1823); Systematic Education, in collaboration with William Shepherd and Jeremiah Joyce (2 vols., 1815); An Examination of the Charges Made Against Unitarians by the Right Rev. Dr. Magee (Bristol, 1820); Principles of Education (London, 1820); A Harmony of the Gospels (Bristol, 1835). After his death appeared a volume of Sermons on Practical Subjects (Bristol, 1840), edited by his son, Russell Lant Carpenter.
Bibliography: R. L. Carpenter, Memoirs of the Life of Rev. Lant Carpenter, with Selections from his Correspondence, Bristol, 1842; DNB, ix. 157-159.
CARPENTER, MARY: Philanthropist; b. at Exeter, England, Apr. 3, 1807; d. at Bristol June 14, 1877 She was the eldest child of Lant Carpenter (q.v.), and received an excellent education in her father's school; she taught for several years; became interested in reformatory movements in India through the visit to Bristol of the Rajah Rammohun Roy in 1833, and also in work for destitute children in England through the instrumentality of Joseph Tuckerman, of Boston. She opened " ragged schools " and developed and set in operation a plan for reformatory schools which was legalized by Parliament in 1854; she was also one of the chief promoters of the Industrial Schools Act passed in 1857. She visited India four times between 1866 and 1876, and came to America in 1873. Prison reform also received her attention, and she was earnest in advocacy of the higher education of women. She wrote much in behalf of her projects, and her reports and memorials to Parliament had no little influence in shaping legislation.
Bibliography: J. E. Carpenter, Life and Work of Mary Carpenter, London, 1879; DNB, ix. 159-161.
CARPENTER, WILLIAM BOYD: Church of England bishop of Ripon; b. at Liverpool Mar. 26, 1841. He was educated at St. Catherine's College, Cambridge (B.A., 1864), and was ordered deacon in 1804 and ordained priest in the following year. He was successively curate of All Saints', Maidstone, Kent (1864-66), of St, Paul's, Clapham (1806-67), and of Holy Trinity, Lee (1X07-70). He was then vicar of St. James's, Hollowav i lS79-~r!\