For adverse criticism of the Kenosis theory consult: I. A. Dorner. ut sup., Eng. transl., II. iii., pp. 100 sqq.; idem, in Jahrbucher fur deutsche Theologie, 1856, 1858; idem, Christliche Glaubenslehre, ii. 367 sqq., Berlin, 188o! Eng. transl., Edinburgh, 1880-82. The fullest account in Eng. is in A. B. Bruce, Humiliation of Christ, Lect. iv., Edinburgh, 1881. Dr. Hodge, Systematic Theology, ii. 439, New York, 1871, notices the Kenotic theories of Thomasius, Ebrard, and Gess, and condemns them.
In general, I. A. Dorner, ut sup. The following English works deserve notice, though mostly confined to an exposition and defense of the Chalcedonian dogma: R. J. Wilberforce, The Doctrine of the Incarnation of our Lord, London, 1852; H. P. Liddon, The Divinity of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, ib. 1868. The ablest discussion of Christ's person and work is A. M. Fairbairn, Place of Christ in Modern Theology, London, 1893. Con sult further : C. Gore, Incarnation of the Son of God, ib. 1891 ; J. Denney, Studies in Theology, chaps, ii.-iii.. New York, 1895; "Christologie" in Hauck-Herzog, RE, iv. 4—56; M. Briickner, Die Entstehung der paulinischen Christologie, Strasburg, 1903; G. Kriiger, Das Dogma von der Dreieinigkeit und Gott Menschheit, Tubingen, 1905 (dedicated to Harnack, written from the Unitarian standpoint) ; S. P'aut, Die Christologie seit Schleiermacher, ihre Geschichte und ihre Begriindung, Tiibingen, 1907.
CHRISTOPHER, SAINT: A saint highly honored from very early times both in the Greelt and Latin churches. According to the martyrologies of Ado, Usuard, Notker, and others, as well as the Martyrologium Romanum, he lived at Samos in Lycia, converted many to Christianity, and died a martyr under the emperor Decius, or, according to some accounts, under an emperor (or king) called Dagnus. No Samos in Lycia, however, is known, and Dagnus is otherwise unheard of; the name may be a corruption of Daza, the original name of the emperor Maximin II. (305-314). The later forms of the Christopher legend are in the highest degree fantastic. For example, a manuscript of Fulda describes him as of gigantic stature, with the head of a dog, and decks out his life and death with most silly wonders. Somewhat more attractive and credible is another version, containing apparently elements of old Germanic mythology, according to which the giant Christopher at first served the devil, then in order to know Christ, one said
Christopher, Saint Chroma tius
THE \EW SCHAFF-HERZOG
to be stronger than the devil, undertook the duties of a ferryman. Finally a child, whom he was carrying across the river on his shoulders, disclosed himself as the Sa\'ior, forced the giant beneath the waves by his ever increasing weight and so baptized him, giving him the name of Christopher ("Christ-bearer"). The veneration of Christopher was general in the East, in Italy, Spain, France, Germany, and other lands. Mention of his wonderworking relics is frequent, as of his head, said to have been carried from Constantinople to France after the capture of the city in 1204, and of his leg. said to have been kept in Constantinople till 1453. He was an attractive figure to medieval art and poetry, and is represented as a huge fellow wading through waters, carrying a child on his shoulders, and with a green staff in his hand. His picture is frequent in the vestibules of churches as a sort of guard. Brotherhoods of St. Christopher, especially for the care of travelers, are mentioned up to the Reformation. His day in the Greek Church is May 9, and in the Latin July 25. (O. ZocKLERf.)
Bibliography: The older Vitce are to be found in ASB, July, vi. 125-149; in B. Pez, Thesaurus anecdotorum novissimus, II. iii. 27-122, Augsburg, 1721; and in Analecta BoUandiana, ed. C. de Smedt and others, i. 121—148, X. 393-405, Paris, 1882, 1891. All the different elements of the legend are combined by Jacobus de Varagine (q.v.) in the Golden Legend. Consult : J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, pp. 496-509, Gottingen, 1844; H. P. Huot, Vie de S. Christophe, Soissons, 1861; A. Sinemus, Die Legende vom heiligen Christoph und die Plastik und Malerei, Hanover, 1868; Le Grand S. Christophe de Palestine, son histoire authentique et sa popularite dans les deux mondes, par des Lorrains bibliophiles, Nantes, 1890; A. JIussafia, Zur Christoph-Legende, Vienna, 1893; K. Richter, Der deutsche Christoph, Berlin, 1896.