THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
1159 damai;ccl the position of Cluny still moie, and neither the reforms of his successors nor the attempt of Ivo II. in 1209 to est;ib- 6. Decline, lish a seat of learning in Paris, tiie College of Cluny, had permanent eifc'cts. The independent position of the abbey was partiallj' abandoned by Ivo I. in 1258 when it was placed under the protection of Louis IX., which led later to subjection to the French crown. First the Avignon popes claimed the right to name the abbot — John XXII. and Clement VI. put in their own relations — and from 1456, when Charles VII. of France appointed John of Bourbon, an illegitimate member of his house, the kings dominated it. From 1528 to 1622 it was held in commendam by the family of Guise. At the Reformation, with the suppression of the English, German, and Swiss hou-es and the attainment of independence by the Spanish and Italian, the congregation lost its international character. During the Guise period the abbej' suffered severely in the wars of religion; in 1562 the Huguenots destroyed a great part of the fine buildings and dispersed the library. Cardinal Richelieu held it in succession to the last regular abbot, and attempted in 1634 to combine the congregation with that of St. Maur, an act which was reversed ten years later by his successor Armand, prince of Conti. The next abbots were Cardinal Mazarin (1654-61) and Cardinal Rinaldo d'Este, brother of the duke of Modena and protector of France at Rome (1662-72). After him followed an interregnum of eleven years, and then it was held from 1683 to 1710 by the Cardinal de Bouillon. In 1790 it was suppressed by the Constituent Assembly, which sold the magnificent church to the commune for 100,000 francs, and thus brought about its almost complete destruction. The Mus^e de Cluny in Paris, originally built (1334) as the Parisian headquarters of the abbot, preserves a splendid collection of antiquities, a large part of which came from the abbey. (G. GrI'tzmacher.)
Bibliography: Parts of the records, ed. A. Bernard and A. Bruel, Recueil des chartes de I Abbaye de Cluny 802- 1210, 5 vols., Paris, 1876-94; and G. F. Duckett, Record Evidence among the Archives of Cluny, 4 vols., Lewes, 1886-88. The early account is M. Harrier and A. Queretanus, Bibliotheca Cluniacensis, Paris, 1614. Consult: L. Niepce, Les Stalles de Cluny, les chartes et la bibliotheque, Lyons, 1882; E. Sackur, Die Cluniacenser bis zur Mitte des 11. Jahrhunderts, 2 vols., Halle, 1892-94; Visitations and Chapters-General of the Order of Cluni, 1269- 1529, London, 1893; Cluny: luminare sacri monasterii Cluniacensis, Paris, 1898; Helyot, Ordres monastiques, vol. v.; Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregationen, i. 116 sqq.; Neander, Christian Church, iii. 381, 417-419; Hauck, KD. vol. iii.; KL, iii. 554-561; Schaff, Christian Church,v'. 1, pp. 330 sqq.
COADJUTOR: An assistant to a cleric who is partly or wholly incapacitated; appointed either temporarily or permanently, and in the latter case with or without the right of succession. By the canon law a parish priest thus incapacitated may obtain an assistant or vicarius from his superiors; but this appointment is temporary and revocable, and the Council of Trent expressly forbids the right of succession to be given— though this has not Ixhmi held to prevent the pope from making exceptions. The title coadjutor is regularly applied to such an assistant given to a bishop. By ancient law no
successor to a bishop could be chosen in his lifetime, and the duties of an incapacitated bishop were performed either by neighboring prelates or by a specially designated intervcntor (dispensator, intercessor). Such arrangements were usually made by the provincial council; sometimes the pope was consulted, and this causa episcopalis was gradually reserved to him. The ancient principle, laid down by the Council of Nicsea, that there should not be two bishops in one city was respected at least formally by the designation of the coadjutor from the title of some other see (see Bishop, Titular). According to the CouncO of Trent, coadjutors may be appointed only in case of urgent necessity, and not with right of succession unless the pope, after full investigation, approves the necessity and the person chosen. The diocesan bishop may make the request, with the assent of his chapter; or the chapter may take the initiative in case of the incapacity or refusal of the bishop, in which case the decision rests with the pope. A coadjutor with right of succession enters on the full jurisdiction immediately upon the decease of his principal, without further formality. (O. MEjERf.)
Bibliography: G. Grunau, De coadjutoribus episcoporum,
Breslau, 1894; Held, Das Recht zur Aufstellung einet
Koadjutors, Munich, 1848; A. L. Richter, Lehrbuch des Kirchenrechts, Leipsic, 1886; E. Friedberg, Lehrbuch
des Kirchenrechts, p. 172, Leipsic, 1895; Bingham, Ori-
gines, books iv.-vi.
COAN, TITUS: Missionary; b. at KiUingworth, Conn., Feb. 1, 1801; d. at Hilo, Hawaii, Dec. 1, 1882. He was a cousin of Asahel Nettleton (q.v.), by whom he was influenced as also by Charles G. Finney; he studied at Auburn Theological Seminary 1831-33; spent several months in Patagonia examining the country for the American Board 1833-34; sailed for Hawaii late in 1834, in July, 1835, took up his residence at Hilo, and spent the rest of his life there, with the exception of a brief visit to America in 1870-71. He was a man of great physical strength, endowed with tact and evangelistic gifts. " In three months from the time he first set foot on the shores of Hawaii he began to preach in the native tongue. Before his first year closed the audiences drawn to hear tlie Word by his peculiar power reached many hundreds. And in six years from his arrival threefourths of the adult population of his parish, to the number of more than seven thousand, were gathered into the bonds of Christian fellowship." He was an authority concerning the Hawaiian volcanoes. He published Adventures in Patagonia (New York, 1881); Life in Hawaii, an Autobiographic Sketch, 1835-81 (1882).
Bibliography: Besides the autobiography, consult: Mrs. L. B. Coan, Titus Coan, a Memorial, Chicago, 1885.
COBB, HENRY NITCHIE: Reformed (Dutch); b. in New York Nov. 15, 1834. He was graduated at Yale in 1855 and studied at Union Theological Seminary 1856-57. He was a Presbyterian missionary to Persia under the auspices of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions in 1860-62; pastor of the Reformed Cluirch at MiUbrook, N. Y., 1866-81, and since 1SS2 has been corresponding secretary of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Church in America. He