RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Cocceius Coele-Syria
a discussion on the best means of opposing Luther. From this time he employed his pen for the cause
of Romanism. , t • u
His one ambition was to meet Luther m a public disputation, and with the aid of Aleander he succeeded m being admitted to private negotiations with Luther. His polemical attacks and mvectives overshot the mark so that even the Roman Catholics disapproved of his actions. Though without friends or money, his zeal increased the more, and he never tired of findmg ways to obstruct the cause of Luther. He even Controversy recommended the suppression of the with Luther. University of Wittenberg. In 1521 he offered his services to the pope, but nobody cared for him at Rome. It was not till 1522 that his first treatise against Luther appeared— De gratia sacramentorum liber unus Joannis Cochlwi adversus assertionem M. Lutheri (Strasburg). Luther replied with his Adversus armatum virum Cocleum, which again was answered by Cochteus in Adversus cucullatum minotaurum Wittenhergensem. De sacrorum gratia, iterum (1523).
In the autumn of 1523 he went to Rome as he did not feel himself safe at Frankfort, but returned early in 1624. Meanwhile his patrons and friends at Frankfort had joined the opposing party. Cochlaeus accompanied Campeggi, the papal nuncio, to the Convention of Regensburg as interpreter and member of the commission which discussed the reform of the clergy. His position at Frankfort becoming untenable, he fled to Cologne in 1525, and in 1526 received a canonry at St. Victor's in Mainz. He attended the Diet of Speyer in 1526, but his hope of holding a disputation with Luther was not fulfilled. Although Luther had ignored him after replying to his first treatise, Cochlaeus was indefatigable in writing polemical Disappoint- tracts against Luther and the Reformentsof his mation. After the death of Hierony- Later Life, mus Emser in 1528 he went to Dresden as adviser and assistant of Duke George of Saxony in his literary feuds with Luther. He followed the duke to the Diet of Augsburg, and was one of the Roman theologians commissioned to refute the Augsburg Confession. His attacks found little favor with the Romanists, and Johann Eok became the chief author of the Confutatio. Cochlseus's hope of receiving financial support from Rome proved illusory, and it became more and more difficult for him to get his numerous unsalable pamphlets prmted. In 1534 or 1535 George of Saxony secured for him a canonry at Meissen. Subsequently he was provost of St. Severus at Erfurt until 1539. The death of George was a severe blow for him, and for the cause of Romanism. As the progress of the Reformation in Saxony made it impossible for him to retain his ecclesiastical offices, he accepted in 1539 a canonry from the cathedral chapter in Breslau. King Ferdmand called him to the diets of Hagenau, Worms, and Regensburg, but here again he was ignored. He followed with zeal the preparations for the Council of Trent without being able to take part m it. He remained the same zealous champion of Roman Cathohcism to the end, although he found
little recognition, and, to complete his tragic fate. Pope Paul IV put his name on the Index.
Cochlseus's Historice Hussitarum libri xii. (Mainz, 1549) is still valuable, but the work which has made his name popular to the present is his history of Luther, Commentaria de actis et His Most scriptis Martini Lutheri Saxonis chro- Important nographice ex ordine ah anno Domini Works. 1517 usque ad annum 151^6 inclusive fideliter conscripta (Mainz, 1549). The book became the model and source for many later polemical productions, and the view expounded in it that the whole Reformation was nothing but an incidental jealousy between the Dominican and Augustinian orders was believed even by intelligent men. (T. Kolde.)
Bibliography: U. de Weldige Cremer, De Joannis Cochlcei vita et scriptis, Miinster, 1865; K. Otto, Johannes Cochlosus der Humanist, Breslau, 1874; F. Gess, Johannes Cochlwus der Gegner Luthers, Leipsic, 1886; M. Spahn, Johannes Cochlceus, Lehensbild, Berlin, 1898; J. Kostlin, Martin Luther, passim, 2 vols., ib. 1903.
CODMAN, ROBERT: Protestant Episcopal bishop of Maine; b. in Boston, Mass., Dec. 30, 1859. He was educated at Harvard (B.A., 1882) and at the Harvard Law School, from which he was graduated in 1885. After practising a few years, however, he determined to take orders, and accordingly studied at the General Theological Seminary, from which he was graduated in 1894. After his ordination to the priesthood, he was rector of St. John's, Roxbury, Mass., until 1900, when he was consecrated third bishop of the diocese of Maine.
COE, GEORGE ALBERT: American philosopher; b. at Mendon, N. Y., Mar. 26, 1862. He was graduated at Rochester University (B.A., 1884) and Boston University (Ph.D., 1891), and as traveling fellow of the latter institution spent the year 1890-91 at the University of Berlin. He was professor of philosophy in the University of Southern California 1889-90 and acting professor of philosophy in Northwestern University, Evanston, 111., 1891-93. Since the latter year he has been John Evans professor of philosophy in the same institution. He was lecturer on the psychology of religion in Boston University in 1900. He has written The Spiritual Life : Studies in the Science of Religion (New York, 1900); The Religion of a Mature Mind (Chicago, 1902); and Education in Religion and Morals (1904).
COELDE, DIETRICH (Dietrich of Mtinster). See Francis, Saint, of Assisi, and the Franciscan Order.
CCELE-SYRIA (" Hollow Syria "): The early name for the valley which separates the parallel ranges of Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon. In later times the name came to have a wider apphcation and to include the whole of southern Syria except Phenicia (cf. Josephus, Ant., XIV. iv. 5). It therefore contained nearly all the cities of Decapohs within its limits. Though the name does not occur in the Bible, it is frequently mentioned in the Apocrypha (I Esd. ii. 24, 27, iv. 48, vi. 29; I Mace. x. 69; II Mace. viii. 8, x. 11) and by Josephus {Ant., XIII. iv. 2, XIV. ix. 5, xi. 4) and other writers. It has
Coele-Syria Oolani