RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Colors in the Sible
leading magnate of Germany and the administrator of the empire during the absence of Frederick II. in Sicily. A position of equal importance was held by Conrad of Hostaden (1238-61) for a time after Frederick's deposition, when he was papal legate for Germany, anointed William of Holland at Aachen, and, according to the traditional prerogative of his see, crowned Richard of Cornwall as his successor. The history of the next two centuries is largely a record of strife arising out of contested imperial, papal, and archiepiscopal elections, until the rule of the sixty-sixth incumbent of the see, Herman IV. of Hesse, called the Peacemaker (1480- 1508), brought about many reforms. Herman V., count of Wied (see Herman of Wied), became a favorer of the Reformation in the last five years of his rule, and was deposed and excommunicated in 1546, and the same was the case with Gebhard II., Truchsess of Waldburg (1577-83; see Gebhard II.), whUe the young Ernest, prince of Bavaria (1583- 1612), set no very creditable example to his flock. His nephew Ferdinand (1612-50) followed him, and did much to repair the damage already wrought to the Roman Catholic cause; and his nephew, again, Maximilian Henry ruled the great archdiocese from 1650 to 1688 with such a lack of political wisdom that it was laid waste by contending armies, and French influence became predominant. Under another Bavarian prince, Joseph Clement (1688-1723), the external history of Cologne was bound up with that of the general European conflicts. His secular interests so preoccupied him in the earlier part of his reign that he did not even take up his spiritual functions until 1707, when he was consecrated at Lille by F^nelon, and thereafter devoted himself zealously to the promotion of religion. The last archbishop of the Bavarian house was Clement August I. (1723-61), brother of the Elector Max Emmanuel; but the house of Austria supplied an archduke, brother of the Emperor Joseph II., Maximilian Francis (1784- 1801), who was driven out by the-French and spent his last days in Vienna. The diocese was divided by Napoleon, and the ecclesiastical conditions were full of confusion until 1821, when the archbishopric was reconstituted with a diminished territory, and with Treves, Miinster, and Paderborn for suffragans. The most notable of the nineteenth-century archbishops was Clement August II., Baron Droste- Vischering (1835-45), whose episcopate was marked by a vigorous conflict with Hermesianism and with the Prussian government over the question of mixed marriages (see Droste-Vischering).
BiBLioGRAPH-sr: Sources are: T. J. Lacomblet, Urkundenbuch fur die Geschichte des Niederrheins, 4 vols., Diisseldorf, 1840-58; MGH, Script, xiii (1881), 282 sqq., xvii vaP' ''^^ ^^^^ (1879), 332 sqq. Consult: E.
Ijodlech, Geschichte der Erzdiocese Koln, Mainz, 1879; C. A. Ley, Kdlnische Kirchengeschichte, Cologne, 1882; i. Lau, Die erzbischciflichen Beamten in der Stadt Koln, Lubeck, 1891; A. J. Binterim and J. H. Moovern, Die lirzdiocese Koln, Diisseldorf, 1892; Rettberg, KD, vol. 1.; Fnednch, KD; Hauck, KD, vols, i.-iii.
COLOMBIA: A repubUc of northwestern South America, bounded on the north by the Caribbean bea and Venezuela, on the east by Venezuela and Brazil, on the south by Brazil and Ecuador, on the
west by the Paeiflc Ocean. No exact figures are avaUable for either the area or the population, but an estimate of the former is 473,000 square miles and of the latter 4,000,000 souls, including 500,000 whites and 1,500,000 or more half-breeds.
The constitution of 1886 declares the Roman Catholic religion the religion of the nation, but that the Catholic Church shall not be a State Church, and grants religious toleration. Ecclesiastics are excluded from public ofiice, though Catholic priests may be employed in public instruction and charity. The buildings of the Catholic worship and clergy are exempt from taxation. A concordat was made between Pope Leo XIII. and the republic, Dec. 31, 1887 (see Concordats and Delimiting Bulls, VI., 6). The church organization is as follows: Archdiocese of Bogota (founded 1563), with the suffragan dioceses of Ibagu6 (1900), Nueva Pamplona (1835), Socorro (1895), and Tunja (1880); archdiocese of Cartagena in the Indies (diocese, 1534; archdiocese, -1900), with the suffragan dioceses of Santa Marta (1534) and Panama (1534); archdiocese of Medellin (diocese, 1868; archdiocese, 1902), with the suffragan dioceses of Antioquia (1873) and Manizales (1900); archdiocese of Popayan (diocese, 1546; archdiocese, 1900), with the suffragan dioceses of Garzon (1900) and Pasto (1859). There are also two vicariates apostolic, Casanare (1893) and Goajira (1905), and three prefectures apostolic, Caquetd. (1904), the East (1903), and San Martin (1904). A delegate apostolic and envoy extraordinary of the pope resides in Bogota,.
Protestants are represented by the few foreigners resident in the country. There is a Presbyterian mission in Bogotd,. Elementary education is free, but not compulsory. Public education is organized and administered in harmony with the Roman Catholic religion; all education is largely in the hands of congregations. Wilhblm Goetz.
Bibliography: R. S. Pereira, Les Etats-Unis de Colombie, Paris, 1883; R. Nunez and H. Jalbay, La Republique de Colombie, ib. 1898; W. L. Scruggs, Colombian and Venezuelan Republics, Boston, 1905.
COLONNA, EGIDIO. See .^gidius de Columna.