THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
and ecclesiology and of the literary study of the English Bible in the Reformed Episcopal Seminary, Philadelphia. In theology he is an adherent of moderate Calvinism, being likewise opposed to ritualism and to the higher criticism.
COLLYER, ROBERT: Unitarian; b. at Keighley (31 m. n.e. of Manchester), Yorkshire, England, Dec. 8, 1823. He was a mill-hand from 1832 to 1838, and a blacksmith in England and America from 1838 to 1859, being also a local Methodist Episcopal preacher during the latter ten years of this period. He emigrated to the United States in 1850, and nine years later, becoming a convert to Unitarianism, went to Chicago as pastor of Unity Church, where he remained until 1879. He then accepted a call to the Church of the Messiah, New York City, holding this charge until 1903, when he became pastor emeritus. He has published several volumes of discourses and addresses, a biography of A. H. Conant (Boston, 1868), and collaborated with J. H. Turner in the History of the Town and Parish of Ilkley (London, 1886).
COLLYRIDIANS : A sect of women, mentioned by Epiphanius {H ccr. , Ixxviii.-lxxix. ) , who came from Thrace to Arabia, and seem to have espoused a peculiar form of devotion to the Virgin, offering to Mary, on appointed days, a cake or loaf (Gk. kollyris). While there are not wanting religious and historic analogies to this custom, they nevertheless come short of certain application. According to Jer. xliv. 19, the Jewish women in Egypt prepared cakes for the queen of heaven (cf. Rosch, Astarte und Maria, in TSK, Ixi. 265 sqq.). Ceremonial pastry was likewise a feature of the Thesmophoric rites in Athens (cf. Mommsen, Paste der Stadt Athen im Altertum, Leipsic, 1898). There is possible, also, some misconception of a Christmas custom (cf. Moller, Kirchengeschichte, i. 535, Freiburg, 1889). Indeed, to this day in modern Greece the word kolloura is used for a kind of cake, and in certain of the Ionian Islands such a kolloura is consecrated and consumed on Christmas eve in the famUy circle with all sorts of ceremonies (cf. B. Schmidt, Das Volksleben der Neugriechen und das hellenische Altertum, i. 62 sqq., Leipsic, 1871).
G. KRtJGER.
Bibliography: C. W. F. Walch, Historie der Ketzereien, iii. 625-634, Leipsic, 1766; J. L. von Mosheim, Institutes of Eccl. Hist., ed. W Stubbs, i. 317, London, 1863; Neander, Christian Church, ii. 376.
COLMAN, SAINT: Third abbot and bishop of Lindisfarne; d. on the island of Inishbofin, off the coast of County Galway, Ireland, Aug. 8, 676. He was a monk of lona, and succeeded Finan (q.v.) at Lindisfarne in 661. The dispute between the Roman and Irish parties in England came to a crisis shortly thereafter. Colman was the leader of the latter at the Synod of Whitby (q.v.) in 664, and when he was defeated, with the Irish monks and about thirty of the English, he left the country, taking with him the bones of Aidan (q.v.). They went first to lona, and, after four years there, to Inishbofin. Dissensions tirising between the Irish and English, Colman founded a new monastery
for the latter on the mainland, but himself remained on the island.
Bibliography: Bede, Hist, eccl., iii. 25-27, iv. 1, 4, 24; W. Bright, Early English Church History, pp. 221-232, Oxford, 1897.
COLOGNE, ARCHBISHOPRIC OF: The rise of the city of Cologne is connected with the transplantation by Augustus of the Germanic tribe of the Ubii to the left bank of the Rhine. Their capital was Oppidum Ubiorum, in the year 50 made a Roman veterans' colony (Colonia Agrippina). It became the political and military headquarters of the province of Lower Germany, and soon the most populous town on the lower Rhine. If the remark of Irenseus (I. x. 2) about Christian communities in the Germanic provinces is to be taken literally, it would indicate an antiquity for the church of Cologne extending into the second century. The first certain datum is reached with the participation of Bishop Maternus in the Synod of Aries (mentioned by Eusebius and Optatus), and with some fourth-century inscriptions given by Kraus. The small number of the latter shows that Cologne was a less important Christian center than the neighboring Treves; with which agrees the mention of the church there as a conventiculum by the pagan writer Ammianus Marcellinus in 355. The list of bishops goes no farther'back than Maternus, and the attribution of the same name to the legendary founder indicates that tradition knew of no earlier bishop. His successor, Euphrates, is mentioned as a participant in the Synod of Sardica by Athanasius; his name does not occur in the lists, and was probably erased in consequence of a later (Frankish) legend which stigmatized him as an Arian, and asserted that he was deposed by a synod at Cologne in 346. The mention by Venantius Fortunatus of Carentius, who does not occur in the lists, shows that they are not to be depended on; and the same conclusion follows from the fact that only four names are given for the first three centuries. It is probable, though not certain, that the church of Cologne lasted through the downfall of the Roman power and the Frankish conquest, in the first years of which it is possible that the bishops gained or claimed metropolitan rank; but the metropolitan system soon lost its importance in the Frankish kingdom, and the occupants of the see appear as simple bishops in the eighth century. The elevation of Cologne to a metropolitan see did not take place until the consecration of HUdebold about 795; the suffragan sees were at first the Frankish Li^ge, the Friesian Utrecht, and later the Saxon Miinster, Osnabriick, Minden, and Bremen. The actual diocese of Cologne was a very large one. Under the rule of Philip of Heinsberg (1168-91) its previous possessions were enlarged and consolidated by purchase and exchange, and after the downfall of Henry the Lion the duchy of Westphalia and Engern {Angraria) was added (1180). From this time on the archbishops were the most powerful princes- in northwestern Germany.
(A. Hauck.)
The archbishops of Cologne were prominent in the conflicts of the Hohenstaufens with their enemies, and Engelbert I., count of Berg (1216-25), was the