THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
was "Thanks be to God!" The execution was carried out at once in an open place near the city. A vast multitude followed Cyprian on his last journey. He removed his garments without assistance, knelt down, and prayed. Two of his clergy blindfolded him. He ordered twenty-five gold pieces "to be given to the executioner, who with a trembling hand administered the death-blow. The body was interred by Christian hands near the place of execution, and over it, as well as on the actual scene of his death, churches were afterward erected, which, however, were destroyed by the Vandals. Charlemagne is said to have had the bones transferred to France; and Lyons, Aries, Venice, Compiegne, and Rosnay in Flanders boast the possession of the martyr's relics.
Besides a number of epistles, which are partly collected with the answers of those to whom they were written, Cyprian wrote a number of treatises, some of which have also the character of pastoral letters. His most important work is his De unitate ecclesice. In this, which makes the one episcopate, not of Rome, but of the Church at large, the foundation-stone of the Church, occur the following statements: " He can no longer have God for his Father who has not the Church for his mother;
he who gathereth elsewhere than in the Church scatters the Church of Christ " (vi.); " nor is there any other home to believers but the one Church "
(ix.). The most famous saying of 5. Cyprian's Cyprian, usually though inadequately Writings, translated " Outside the Church there
is no salvation," isfound inEpist. Ixxii. Ad Jubajanum de hcereticis baptizandis, " Quia salus extra ecclesiam non est." His work De oratione dominica is an adaptation of TertuUian's De oratione ; he also worked over TertuUian's De patientia in his work De bono patientiae. The following works are of doubtful authenticity: De spectaculis ; De bono pvdicitioe ; De idolorum vanitate (which may perhaps belong toNovatian); De laude martyr ii ; Adversus aleatores ; De mont9)us Sina et Sion. The treatise entitled De duplici martyrio ad Fortunatum was not only published for the first and only time by Erasmus, but was probably also composed by him and fathered upon Cyprian.
Posterity has had less difficulty in reaching a universally accepted view of Cyprian's personality than his contemporaries. He combined loftiness of thought with an ever-present consciousness of the dignity of his office; his earnest life, his selfdenial and fidelity, moderation and greatness of soul have been increasingly acknowledged and admired. He was the type of a prince of the Church. The glory of his courageous and edifying martyrdom can not be extinguished by the earlier charges of cowardice. As a writer, however, he was in general by no means original or especially deep.
K. LEIMBACHf.
Bibliography: The Opera of Cyprian have been frequently published. Early editions are, e.g., by Andreas, Rome, 1471; by Erasmus, Basel, 1520; by Fell, Oxford, 1682; MPL, vol. iv. The best ed. is by W. Hartel, in CSEL, 3 vols. They have been translated into Eng. by W Marshall, London, 1717, and a transl. of the genuine and disputed works is in ANF, v. 204-576. A bibliography 1? in .1 \'F, Index vol., pp. 59-63.
The basis for a life is in the Vita Coecilii Cypriani, attributed to the deacon Pontius, printed in ASB, Sept., iv. 325-332, in MPL, iii., and in Hertel's ed. of the Opera, ut sup., iii., xc. sqq. Auxiliary sources are the letters of Cyprian. For more modern treatment consult: F. W. Rettberg, Thascius Ccecilius Cyprianus, Gottingen, 1831; C. E. Freppel, S. Cyprien et I'eglise d'Afrique, Paris, 1873 (Roman Catholic, ultramontanistic); B. Fechtrup, Der heilige Cyprian, Munster, 1878; O. Ritschl, Cyprian von Karthago, Gottingen, 1885; E. W. Benson, Cyprian, hit Life, Times, Work, London, 1897 (the work of a lifetime) G. A. Poole, Life and Times of Cyprian, latest ed., 1898 J. A. Faulkner, Cyprien the Churchman, Cincinnati, 1906; Neander, Christian Church, vols, i.-ii., passim; Schaff, Christian Church, ii. 842-849; Kriiger, History, pp. 280- 304; Harnack, Litteratur, i. 688-723, II. i., passim; DCB i. 739-755.
On literary and philosophical questions connected with Cyprian's works consult: J. Pearson, Annates Cypriani, Oxford, 1682, reprinted in Fell's ed. of the Opera Cypriani, ut sup. (a work of great merit and permanent worth); T. Zahn, Cyprian und die deutsche Faustsage, Er-
langen, 1882; Le Provost, Etude philosophique et litUraire sur S. Cyprien, Paris, 1888; K. Goetz, Geschichte der cyprianischen Litteratur, Basel, 1891 (valuable); idem. Die Busslehre Cyprians, Konigsberg, 1895; W. Sanday and C. H. Turner, in Studia biblica et ecclesiastica, iii. 217- 325, Oxford, 1891; A. Harnack treats of the Letters in Theologische Abhandlungen Carl von Weizsdcker gevndmet, pp. 1-36, Freiburg, 1892; H. von Soden, Die Cyprianische Brief sammlung, in TV, xxv. 3 (1903).
CYPRIAN, ERNST SALOMON: One of the few
learned defenders of orthodox Lutheranism in the middle of the eighteenth century; b. at Ostheim (5 m. s.w. of Aschaffenburg), Franconia, Sept. 22, 1673; d. in Gotha 1745. He studied at Leipsic and at Jena; in 1698 followed his friend Andreas Schmidt to Helmstedt; became professor extraordinary of philosophy 1699; in 1700 went as director to the Gymnasium academicum at Coburg; Frederick IL of Gdtha called him in 1713 into the upper consistory, and Frederick III. appointed him its vice-president in 1735. While at Helmstedt he wrote against Arnold's Kirchen- und Ketzerhistorie, and in 1719 against Romanists who began encroachments after the peace of Ryswick and Rastatt. But his chief exertion was in opposition to the movement toward union between Reformed and Lutherans by Frederick William I. of Prussia. He wrote three pamphlets, Abgedrungener Unterricht, etc. (1722), Authentische Rechtfertigung, etc. (1722), and Dos Urtheil englischer Theologen von der Synode zu Dortrecht und ihrer Lehre (1723), which by their rich historical illustrations give considerable information about the whole question.
(Georg Muller.) Bibliography: J. M. Schrockh, Lebensbeschreibungen berlihmter Gelehrten, II. iii. 377, Leipsic, 1767; G. Frank, Geschichte der protestantischen Theologie, ii. 287, ib. 1865; ADB, iv. 667-669.
CYPRUS. See Asia Minor, X
CYRAN, SAINT. See Du Vergier de Haurannb, Jean.
CYRENIUS. See Quieinius.
CYRIACUS, sir-ai'a-cus ( = Lat. Dominicus, " belonging to the Lord"): The name of several saints, a patriarch of Constantinople, and a number of bishops.
1. Saints: No less than eleven saints of the name are mentioned in the Acta sanctorum. They include (1) a deacon of Rome, who is said to have