THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
when another Danish invasion led to its removal to Hipon. Then the saint intimated, as was believed, tliat he wished to remain in Durham. A new stone church was built, the predecessor of the present grand cathedral, and there the body has remained since 999, not, however, without being several times disturbed in succeeding centures.
Bibliography: The writings which have been attributed to Cuthbert do not now exist and there is little reason to believe that they ever did. Two lives by Bede |are in MPL, xciv. 575-596, 729-770, and in Stevenson's BedoB opera historica minora, pp. 1-137, 259-317, London, 1841. Several lives and other tracts may be found in the publications of the Surtees Society of Durham, i., viii., li., Ixxx^i., 1835-91. Consult also Bede, Hist, eccl., iv. 26- 32. Consult: R. Hegge, The Legend of St. Cuthbert, London, 1663, reprinted, Sunderland, 1816, Durham, 1828; J. Raine, St. Cuthbert, with an Account of the State in which his Remains were found upon the opening of his tomb in Durham Cathedral in 1827, Durham, 1828; C. Eyre, The History of St. Cuthbert, London, 1849; F. L. Catcheside, Life of St. Cuthbert, London, 1879; A. C. Fryer, Cuthberht of Lindisjarne, Edinburgh, 1880; E. Consitt, Life of St. Cuthbert, London, 1887; J. B. Lightfoot, Leaders of the Northern Church, London, 1890; W. Bright, Chapters of Early English Church History, pp. 214-216, 239- 240, 300-306, 372-388, Oxford, 1897; DCB, i. 724-729; DNB, xii. 359-362.
CUYLER, THEODORE LED YARD: Presbyterian; b. at Aurora, N. Y., Jan. 10, 1822; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., Feb. 26, 1909. He studied at Mendham, N. J., Princeton College (B.A., 1841), and Princeton Theological Seminary (1846), and was stated supply at Burlington, N. J. (1846-49), pastor of the Third Presbyterian Church, Trenton, N. J. (1849-53), Market Street Reformed (Dutch) Church, New York City (1853-60), and the Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church, Brooklyn (1860- 1890). In 1890 he resigned to become a minister at large. He was particularly active in temperance and philanthropic work. In theological position he was a moderate Calvinist. He made a large number of contributions to religious periodicals, many of which have been gathered up into volumes. Of his separate publications may be mentioned Pointed Papers for the Christian Life (New York, 1878); From the Nile _ to Noru-cnj (1881); Newly Enlisted, or, Talks to Young Converts (1889); How to be a Pastor (1891); Recollections of a Long Life (1902); Our Christmas- Tides (1904).
CYNEWULF (KYNEWULF, CYNWULF): Besides Csedmon the only Anglo-Saxon poet whose name is known. He flourished in the second half of the eighth century and was probably a Mercian (cf. Anglia, xvii., pp. 106 sqq., Halle, 1894). His knowledge of Latin indicates that he may have studied in a monastery school, but of his life nothing is known except what he tells himself in his poem Elene (v. 1236 sqq.). He long roamed about as wandering minstrel and took part in battles and voyages over the sea. Then, when he was well along in years, something changed his life, he renounced the world, and in the quiet of a monastery or hermitage he produced four poems, entitled Fata a-postolorum, Crist, Juliana, and Elene, into which he interwove his name in runic letters, thus attesting his authorship. They are all religious narratives, based on legend with the exception of the
Crist, which is in three parts, treating of the threefold coming of Christ (birth; resurrection and period on earth to the ascension; the last judgment). Traces of +he veneration of saints and of Mary appear. Cj- ;ewulf's art is predominantly subjective, his poetry is often lyrical, sometimes dramatic, but never epic. His lively descriptions of battles and voyages remind of his early life, and he is fond of alliteration and rime. Many other poems have been attributed to Cynewulf , of which a Death of Guthlac has the best claim to genuineness. A collection of ninety-rix Riddles belongs to his time, but there is no evidsnce that all or any of them are his. (R. Wulker.)
Bibliography: The text of Cynewulf's poems is in C. W M. Grein's Bibliothek dor angelsachsischen Poesie, ed. R. Wulker, 3 vols., Cassel and Leipsic, 1883-98. The Crist, ed. with transl. I. Gollancz, London, 1892; also ed. A. S.' Cook, transl. by C. H. Whitman, Boston, 1900. The Elene, ed. C. W. Kent with notes and glossary, Boston, 1889; Eng. transl. by R. F. Weymouth, Boston, 1888, J. M. Garnett, Boston, 1889, Jane Menzies, Edinburgh, 1895 (a metrical transl.), and J. H. Holt, New York, 1904, Yale Studies in English, no. xxi. Consult: C. ten Brink, Geschichte der englischen Litteratur, i. 64-65, Berlin, 1877, Eng. transl., pp. 186-189, New York, 1883; R. Wulker, Grundriss zur Geschichte der angelsachsischen Litteratur, pp. 147-217, Leipsic, 1885; H. Morley, English Writers, ii. 192-248, London, 1888; G. Herzfeld, Die Batsel des Exeterbuches und ihr Verfasaer, Berlin, 1890; M. Trautmann, Kynewulf, der Biachof und Dichter, Bonn, 1898.