THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
diocese of Coire led to his recall in Sept., 1581. Not untU 1586 did Bishop Santonio of Tricarico arrive as new nuncio at Lucerne; since that time this Swiss appointment of the nuncio's office has been permanent.
The work of ecclesiastical renovation by this time was well organized: the supervision and exercise of discipline rested in the nuncio's hands; the education of the clergy was carefully regulated, and the schools were organized anew. In
these matters the Jesuits' activity 3. Various proved eminently effectual. Both Je- Agencies. suits and Capuchins were fruitfully
diligent in the cure of souls. The increasing number of their colleges and convents affords the best demonstration of their ever-enlarging labor; in 1581 there arose a Jesuits' College in Fribourg; at Puntrut in 1588; in Valais, 1607; whUe the Capuchins established themselves at Stans in 1582, at Lucerne in 1583, in Schwytz in 1585, in Fribourg in 1586; in Soleure, Sitten, and Appenzell, 1588; and in Zug, 1597. Cysat was widely active in connection with the founding of Jesuits' colleges. The temporal authorities of the Roman cantons supported all these cooperative
agencies, and directed their external policy to the same object. Opposition to the Protestant cantons led to a closer cohesion of the Catholic associates in faith; in 1579 a union was ratified between the seven Roman cantons and the bishop of Basel; and in Oct., 1586, the " Golden League" of the Catholic Confederates for the defense of their faith came into being; an alliance was sought with France, but above all with Spain and Savoy. The league with Spain took effect in May, 1587, thus incorporating the Roman cantons in the great Catholic alliance between the League in France, Philip II., Savoy, and the Curia. More than once the danger of civil war was imminent in Switzerland. But no blood was shed from that time, and the events of Reformation and Counterreformation went on side by side from the end of the sixteenth century. Walter Goetz.
Bibliography: A. P. von Segesser, Rechtsgeschichte der Stadt und Republik Luzern, vols, iii.-iv., Lucerne, 1857- 1858; idem, Ludwig Pfyifer und seine Zeit, 3 vols., Bern, 1880-82; B. Hidber, Renward Cysat, in Archiv fiir achweizerische Geschichte, vols, xiii., xx., Zurich, 1863, 1876; KL, iii. 1307-08.
CZERSKI, JOHANN. See German Catholicism.
D
D : The symbol employed to designate the Deuteronomic school of writers whose work, according to the critical school, is found not only in Deuteronomy, but in the historical books from Judges to II Kings, except Ruth. See Hebrew Language AND Literature, II., § 4.
DABNEY, ROBERT LEWIS: American Presbyterian (Southern); b. in Louisa County, Va., Mar. 5, 1820; d. at Austin, Tex., Jan. 3, 1898. He studied at Hampden-Sidney College, Va., and the University of Virginia (M.A., 1842), and was graduated at Union Theological Seminary, Hampden- Sidney, Va., in 1846. He was then a missionary in Louisa County, Va., 1846-47, and pastor at Tinkling Spring, Va., 1847-53, being also head master of a classical school for a portion of this time. From 1853 to 1859 he was professor of ecclesiastical history and polity and from 1859 to 1869 adjunct professor of systematic theology in Union Theological Seminary, Va. He then became full professor of the latter subject and held this position until 1883, when he was appointed professor of mental and moral philosophy in the University of Texas. In 1894 failing health compelled him to retire from active life, although he still lectured occasionally. He was copastor of the Hampden-Sidney College Church 1858-74, also serving Hampden-Sidney College in a professorial capacity on occasions of vacancies in its faculty. During the vacation of 1861 he was chaplain of the Virginia troops in the Confederate army, and in the following year was chief of staff to " Stonewall " Jackson in the brilliant Valley Campaign. While at the University of Texas he practically founded and maintained the Austin School of Theology, and in 1870 was moderator of the General Assembly of the Presby-
terian Church, South. In theology he was a conservative. He wrote Memoir of Rev. Dr. Francis S. Sampson (Richmond, 1855), whose commentary on Hebrews he likewise edited (New York, 1857); Life of General Thomas J. Jackson (1866); Defense of Virginia and the South (1867); Treatise on Sacred Rhetoric (Richmond, 1870); Theology, Dogmatic and Polemic (1871); Sensualistic Philosophy of the Nineteenth Century Examined (New York, 1875); Practical Philosophy (Mexico, Mo., 1896); and the posthumous Penal Character of the Atonement of Christ Discussed in the Light of Recent Popular Heresies (Richmond, 1898). A number of his shorter essays have been edited by C. R. Vaughan under the title Discussions (vols, i.-iii., Richmond, 1890-92; vol. iv., Mexico, Mo., 1897).
Bibliography: T. C. Johnson, Life and Letters of Robert Lewis Dabney, Richmond, 1903.
DACH, SIMON: German religious poet; b. at Memel (72 m. n.e. of Konigsberg) July 29, 1605; d. at Konigsberg Apr. 15, 1659. He studied at Memel, Konigsberg, Wittenberg, and Magdeburg, attaining proficiency in the use of the classic languages, the cultivation of which in poetic form constituted his most grateful occupation through life. Returning to Konigsberg, he matriculated at the university, where he devoted himself to theology and philosophy, and in 1633 was attached to the Cathedral school, of which he became associate rector in 1636. In 1639 he became professor of poetry in the university.
Dach was the most gifted member of a group of Prussian theologians, scientists, and poets commonly known as the Konigsberg School, and comprising, among others, Robert Robertin, Michael and Andreas Adersbach, Christof Caldenbach,