THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
meeting-houses and a valuable free library. The Inner Mission is not merely an acti\'ity, but a religious trend; and if it should come to a l)i-e;ich between this society and the establisheil Church, a sect would bo created which might well be compared with the English Methodists. A local Society for the Inner Mission in Copenhagen (founded by the Rev. !Mr. Frimodt in 1865) has a beautiful prayer-house, the Bethesda, where popular meetings are regularly held. The party founded by X. F S. Grundtvig (q.v.) has been especially active in estal)lishing the so-called Folkehdjskoler ("people's high schools"), which have won great and well-deserved recognition as educational mediums.
The Danish Society for Foreign Missions was founded in 1S21. It has stations among the Tamils in India (established 1864; ten missionaries), in Dagusan and Port Arthur, China (1892; five missionaries), and in Syria (three missionaries). In western Greenland Christianity is so firmly estaljlished that one may speak of a Greenlandic Church there; but in the eastern parts the Danish State had no missionary until 1894, when a station was established at Angmagsalik. Among other societies the following may be mentioned: Danish Bible Society (founded 1814); the Society for .Missions among Seamen (stations in Hamburg, London, Hull, and Newcastle); and the Society for Danish-American Missions, which supplies the Danish congregations of North America with preachers. (F. Nielsen.)
Bibliogr.^phy; F. Nielsen, Statskirke og Frikirke, Copenhagen, 1S83; H. G. Saabye, Om Sekterne i Danmark, ib. 1SN4; H. L. S. P. Koch and H. F. Rordam, Danmarks Kirkehistorie, 1617-1848, 2 vols., ib. 1889; T. J. A. Elmquist, Kirken og dens hellige Handlinger, Odense, 1892; E A. F. Jessen, Die Hauptstromungen des religiosen Lebens in Danemark, Gutersloh, 1895; T. Loegstrup, Nordiske Missionaerer, Copenhagen, 1897; F. S. O. A. Nygard, Kristenliv i Danmark . 1741-1840, ib. 1897; A. V. C. Kjolhede, Haandbog for den danske Folkekirke, ib. 1899; Studier og Aktstykker vedkommende de danske Oslifters Historie, ib. 1899; A. T. Jorgensen, Den danske Folkekirkes Bekendelsesskrifter, ib. 1900.
DENNEY, JAMES: United Free Church of Scotland; b. at Paisley Feb. 5, 1856. He was graduated at Glasgow University (M.A., 1879) and Free Cliurch College, Glasgow (B.D., 1883). He was minister of East Free Church, Broughty Ferry, Fifeshire, from 1886 to 1897, and since 1897 has been professor of New Testament language, literature, and theology in the United Free Church Colloge, Glas gow. He has edited for The Expositor's Bible Thfssalonians (London, 1892) and II Corinthians (1S94), and Romans for The Expositor's dreek Testament (1900). He has also written Studies in Theology (London, 1895); Gospel Questions awl Answers (1896); The Death of Christ (1902); and The Atonement and the Modern Mind (190.3); and has collaborated in Questions of Faith; Ltrturcs on the Creed (1904).
DENNIS, JAMES SHEPARD: Presbyterian; b. at Newark, N. J., Dec. 15, 1812. He studied at Princeton CB.A., l,S(i3), the Harvard Law School (lSG3-()4), and Princeton Theological Sonu'nary (H I) , 1SG7), and went as a missionary to Syria in 18GS, studied at Sidon till 1872, and then made a
brief visit to the United States. From 1873 to 1891 he was principal and professor of systematic theology at the Theological Seminary at Beirut. He returned definitely to the United States in 1891, and has since devoted himself to the promotion of foreign missionary work by the preparation of missionary literature and lecturing. He was Students' Lecturer on missions at Princeton in 1893 and 1896, and in 1900 was chairman of the committee on statistics of the Ecumenical Conference on Foreign Missions in New York City. He is a member of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. He is the author of Arabic theological treatises on the evidences of Christianity, on the science of Biblical interpretation, and on systematic theology, chiefly based on the works of Charles and Archibald Alexander Hodge. In English he has written Foreign Missions after a Century (Chicago and New York, 1893); Christian Missions and Social Progress (3 vols., 1897-1906); Centennial Survey of Foreign Missions (1902); and New Horoscope of Missions (1908).
DENS, PETER: Roman Catholic; b. at Boom (8 m. s. of Antwerp), Belgium, Sept. 12, 1690; d. at Mechlin, as archpriest of St. Rombold's cathedral, Feb. 15, 1775. He was the author of a Theologia moralis et dogmatica, which was often reprinted (e.g., 8 vols., Dublin, 1832), and much used as a textbook in Roman Catholic seminaries. Various books of extracts from this work exposing its alleged errors and immorahties have appeared from anonymous compilers (Dublin, 1836, 1851; Philadelphia, 1847; Boston, 1855). The best known of such publications is by J. F- Berg, Synopsis of the Theology of Peter Dens (Philadelphia, 1840; 4th ed., 1869).
DENUNCIATION: Properly, a making known, especially by public proclamation; hence, sometimes used of the publication of banns of marriage; commonly the word signifies in church usage a complaint before authority to initiate action by the latter. The denunciatio evangelica is the course recommended in Matt, xviii. 15-17, and is approved by the Church where applicable. When it fails the denunciatio judicialis follows and brings the case before the ecclesiastical courts; its form and procedure are regulated by the canon law (cf. book v., title 1 , and commentators) . The denunciatio canonica is the obligatory announcement of obstacles to a proposed promotion, ordination, or marriage. See JuHisDicTioN, Ecclesiastical.
DEPOSITION: A severe penalty inflicted upon delinquent clerics by the ancient ecclesiastical discipline (see Jurisdiction, Ecclesiastical), originally equivalent in practise to Degradation (q.v.), but now denoting the deprivation of the delinquent's office and benefice with the prohibition of the exercise of his orders. Unlike degradation, it may be removed, restoring the penitent offender to the exercise of his functions by a mere act of jurisdiction, without reordination. It does not remove the general clerical privileges of the delinquent nor absolve him from general clerical obligations; and the canon law assumes that he will be confined for ( he purpose of amendment in a monastery or house of correction. In the Protestant Churches gen-