THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
making a tour of Asia Minor in 1876. From 1877 to 1895 he was professor of church history in the Institut Catholique de Paris, and since the latter year has been director of the French school at Rome. He was also maitre de conferences and later directeur d 'etudes at the Ecole des Hautes Eludes, Paris, 1885-95, and in 1888 was elected a member of the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles- Lettres. He has written De Macario Magnete et scriptis ejus (Paris, 1877); Etude sur le Liber Pontificalis (1877); Memoire sur une mission au Mont Athos (1877; in collaboration with C. Bayet); Vita Sancti Polycarpi auctore Pionio (1881); Le Liber Pontificalis : Texte, introduction et commentaire (2 vols., 1886-92); Origines du culte chretien (1889; Eng. transl. by M. L. McClure under the title Christian Worship : Its Origin and Evolution, London, 1902); Les Anciens Catalogues cpiscopaux de la province de Tours (1890); Fastes episcopaux de I'ancienne Gaule (2 vols., 1894-99); Autonomies ecclesiastiques (1896); Les Premiers Temps de I'etat pontifical (1898); Le Forum chretien (Rome, 1899); Autonomies ecclesiastiques; eglises separees (1904; Eng. transl., Churches Separated from Rome, New York, 1908).
DUDITH, du-dit' (DUDICH, DUDICS), AN- DREAS: Hungarian bishop, later a Protestant; b. at Budapest Feb. 16, 1533; d. at Breslau Feb. 23, 1589. He was educated by his uncle, who was canon at Breslau, and went to Italy about 1550 to continue his studies. There he gained the favor of Cardinal Pole, whom he accompanied on his return to England after the accession of Queen Mary. He was an excellent Latin scholar and had meanwhile been appointed canon at Gran, but in 1558 he again devoted himself to study in Padua. He was appointed bishop of Tininium (Knin) in Dalmatia by the emperor Ferdinand, and took part in the Council of Trent, where, in compliance with the wish of Ferdinand, he urged that the cup be given to the laity. Although he did not appear there as an opponent of the celibacy of the clergy, he wrote a Demonstratio pro libertate conjugii. Being appointed bishop, first of Funfkirchen, and then of Szigeth, he went to Poland in 1565, where he married a maid of honor of the queen, and resigned his see, becoming an adherent of Protestantism. In 1575 he became so involved in political intrigues to secure the throne of Poland (then vacant) for Maximilian that his opponents confiscated his estates and expelled him from the city. The last ten years of his life were spent at Breslau. Five orations and a brief biography of Dudith were published at Offenbach in 1610 by Quirinus Reuter. K. Benrath.
Bibliography: Besides the biography by Reuter, there is available C. B. Stieff, Versuch einer . . Geschichte von Leben und Meinungen Andreas Dudiths, Breslau, 1756,
DUDLEY, THOMAS UNDERWOOD: Protestant Episcopal bishop of Kentucky; b. at Richmond, Va., Sept. 26, 1837; d. in New York City Jan. 22, 1904. He studied at the University of Virginia (B.A., 1858), where he was professor of Latin and Greek until the outbreak of the Civil War. He then entered the Confederate Army and attained the rank of major. After the close of the War he studied theology at the Virginia Theological
Seminary, Alexandria, Va., from which he was graduated in 1867. He was ordered deacon in 1867 and ordained priest in 1868. He was curate and rector of Christ Church, Baltimore, 1869-75, and in 1875 was consecrated bishop coadjutor of Kentucky. On the death of Bishop B. B. Smith in 1884 he became diocesan of Kentucky. He wrote A Wise Discrimination the Church's Need (New York, 1881); and Why am I a Churchman? (1894).
DUEL. See Wager of Battle.
DUESTERDIECK, du-"ester-dik', FRIEDRICH HERMANN CHRISTIAN: German Protestant; b. at Hanover July 14, 1822; d. there Apr. 23, 1906. He studied in Gottingen and Berlin and was lecturer at Gottingen 1846-48, director of studies at the theological seminary at Hanover 1848-54, pastor at Schwichelt 1854-58, and director of studies at Loccum 1858-65. In 1865 he was appointed consistorial councilor at Hanover, and became councilor of the supreme consistory seven years later, while from 1879 until his retirement from active life in 1900 he was general superintendent. He wrote Quae de Ignatianarum epistolarum anthentia duorumque textuum ratione et dignitate hue usque prolata sunt sentential (Gottingen, 1843); De ret prophetical natura ethica (1852); Die wetiliche Bildung des Geistlichen (Hanover, 1873); Die Revision der Luther'schen Bibeliibersetzung (1882); Kritisch-exegetisches Handbuch iiber die Offenbarung Johannes (Gottingen) ; and Inspiration und Kritik der heiligen Schrift (1896).
DUFF, ALEXANDER: First missionary of the Church of Scotland to India; b. at the farmhouse of Auchnahyle, Moulin (25 m. n.n.w. of Perth), Perthshire, Apr. 25, 1806; d. in Edinburgh Feb. 12, 1878. He studied at the grammar-school of Perth and the University of St. Andrews under Dr. Chalmers and others, and was licensed and sailed for Calcutta in 1829, losing all his books by shipwreck on the way. He resolved to make an educational institution a leading feature of his work in India, and had the valuable support of an enlightened Hindu for his school in Calcutta, which was conducted on two principles — first that the Christian Scriptures should be read in every class able to read them, and second that through the English language Western science should be taught, notwithstanding the revolution it must cause in many Hindu notions. Duff prepared various textbooks, including one on Christian ethics and the elements of political economy. His school rapidly became popular and influential. The teaching of English, however, roused opposition among the European residents, including some of the earlier missionaries, and his whole method brought him into conflict with the Hindu College, already established, which aimed to avoid offense to Indian sentiment by maintaining a secularist atmosphere. Duff won the confidence of the governor, Lord William Bentinck, and T. B. Macaulay (afterward Lord Macaulay) added his powerful advocacy to the cause of English education; eventually the neutrality of government guaranteed security for