THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
him the Very Rev. Archimandrite Raphael Hawaweeny and founded a church for Orthodox Syrians in New York City. In 1899 the congregation acquired permanent quarters in Brooklyn. In 1904 the patriarch of Antioch elevated Raphael to the rank of bishop and he was consecrated by the Russian bishops Tikhon and Innocent, his consecration being the first in the United States of a bishop of the Eastern Church. There are ten churches under his jurisdiction and the membership of his flock is about 45,000.
The first Orthodox church for those of Greek nationality was founded in New Orleans, where many Greek merchants were engaged in the cotton trade. The second was founded in Chicago in 1S72, when Greeks and Slavs united in calling a Greek priest from Russia. This church, after an interval, was reestablished in 1891, and in the same year another was opened in New York City, and a fourth in Boston with a priest of Syrian nationality. The Church of Lowell, Mass., a city having a large Greek population, dates from 1895. The total number of Orthodox churches for those of Greek descent, under the jurisdiction either of the Synod of Greece or of the Greek patriarch at Constantinople at present exceeds thirty. A religious paper is published in Greek at Milwaukee. In 1905 and again in 1907 a bill was introduced in the Greek parliament at Athens for the despatch of one of the prelates of Greece as a resident bishop for the Greeks in the United States. The bill, however, failed to pass, perhaps because the existence in the United States of bishops of the Greek Church owing allegiance to two different autonomous synods — those of Russia and Greece — would be anticanonical. It has been suggested that, besides the Russian and Syrian bishops, a Greek and a Servian bishop be appointed; an independent synod for the United States and Canada can then be formed and the bishops can elect their own metropolitan.
The total number of Greek Orthodox inhabitants of the United States, Alaska, and Canada is believed to exceed 300,000. The growth of the churches has been due in no small degree to a tendency on the part of Austrian and Hungarian Uniates who have emigrated to America to separate from Rome and return to the Eastern Orthodox confession. One reason for this tendency is the effort of the Roman Church to deprive the Uniates in America of their married priests. A. A. Stamouli.
Bibliography: The chief sources for the earlier history are the first seven councils, the writings of the Greek Fathers, especially of Athanasius, Chrysostom, John of Damascus, and Photius. For a conspectus of the literature of the Church, consult Krumbacher, Geschichte. On the general history consult: J. M. Neale, Hist, of the Holy Eastern Church, London, 1850; J. M. Heineccius, Abbildung der alten und neuen griechischen Kirche, 3 vols., Leipsic, 1711; M. Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, 3 vols., Paris, 1740; A. P. Stanley, Lectures on the Eastern Church, London, 1861, new issue, 1908; A. Leroy-Beaulieu, L'Empire des tsars et les Russes, vol. hi., La Religion, Paris, 1889; A. H. Hore, Eighteen Centuries of the Orthodox Greek Church, London, 1899; idem, Student's Hist, of the Greek Church, lb. 1902; K. Beth, Die orientalische Christenheil der Mittelmeerldnder, Berlin, 1902; J. Pargoire, L'Eglise byzanhne, 527-SU7, Paris, 1905; A. Fortescue, The Orthodox Eastern Church, London, 1905 (by a Roman Catholic); F. G. Cole, Mother of All Churches; a brief and comprehensive Handbook of the Holy Eastern Orthodox Church
ib. 1908; the histories of the Councils by Harduin, Mansi, and Hefele; the Church Histories of Hergenrother-Kirsch, Funk, Hefele-Knoppfler, and K. Muller.
On the great schism and the attempts to heal it consult: G. B. Howard, The Schism between the Oriental and Western Churches, London, 1892; Leo Allatius, De ecclesice occidentalis et orientalis perpetua consensione, Cologne, 1648; C. Will, Acta et scripta . . de controversiis ecclesice Grcecce et Latinos, Marburg, 1861; A. Pichler, Geschichte der kirchlichen Trennung zwischen dem Orient und Occident,
2 vols., Munich, 1864-65; J. Hergenrother, Photius,
3 vols., Regensburg, 1867-69; R. Baxmann, Die Politik der Papste, 2 vols., Elberfeld, 1868-69; L. Duchesne, Autonomes ecclesiastiques; eglises separees, Paris, 1896; Eng. transl., Churches Separated from Rome, New York, 1908; L. Brehier, Le Schisme oriental du xi. siecle, ib. 1899; W. Norden, Das Papsttum und Byzanz, Berlin, 1903.
For the formalized symbolics of the Church consult: Schaff, Creeds, vols, i.-ii.; E. J. Kimmel, Monumenta fidei ecclesice orientalis, 2 vols., Jena, 1850; J. B. Pitra Juris ecclesiastici Grcecorum historia et monumenta, 2 vols., Rome, 1864-68; W. Gass, Symbolik der griechischen Kirche, Berlin, 1872; F. Kattenbusch, Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Confessionskunde, vol. i., Freiburg, 1892; E. F. K. Muller, Symbolik, pp. 195-242, Leipsic, 1896; N. Milas, Dos Kirchenrecht der morgenlandischen Kirche, Zara, 1897; Orthodox Confession of the Eastern Church, Eng. transl. by P. Lodvill, London, 1898; Acts and Decrees of the Synod of Jerusalem, . 1612, Eng. transl. by J. N. W. B. Robertson, London, 1899; F. Loofs, Symbolik, i. 2, pp. 109-169, Tubingen, 1902; J. Michalcescu, Die Bekenntnisse und die wichtigsten Glaubenszeugnisse der griechischorientalischen Kirche, Leipsic, 1904 (contains the statements of the first seven councils, and the confessions of Gennadius, Mogilas, Dositheus etc.). The Longer Catechism of Philaret, issued by authority of the Holy Synod of St. Petersburg, 1839, is used in the churches and schools of the Russian empire, and is the best modern exposition of the doctrine of the Eastern Church.
On the liturgies consult: H. A. Daniel, Codex liturgicus ecclesice universalis, vol. iv., Leipsic, 1853; J. Goar, Euchologium, sive rituale Grmcum, Paris, 1647; E. Renaudot, Liturgiarum orientalium collectio, 2 vols., Paris, 1716, Eng. transl., Collection of the Principal Liturgies . . Used by the Greeks . . of the Oriental Church, Dublin, 1822; J. King, Rites and Ceremonies of the Greek Church in Russia, London, 1872; The Offices of the Oriental Church, with Historical Introduction, ed. N. Bjerring, New York, 1884; Synopsis, or Spiritual Collection of the Daily Prayers, Liturgy, of the Greek
Orthodox Church of the East, transl. and ed. Katherine Lady Lechmere, London (1890); C. E. Hammond, Liturgies Eastern and Western, ed. F. E. Brightman, vol. i., Oxford, 1896; A. Staerk, Der Taufritus in der griechisch-russischen Kirche, Freiburg, 1903.
On the more modern history and that of the different branches much material is found in the Revue de I'orient chretien, vols. i. sqq., 1896 sqq.; in Echos d'orient, vols. i.-vi.; and in the Revue international de theologie, vols, iii.iv., Bern, 1895-96. Consult further: J. J. I. von Dollinger, Kirche und Kirchen, pp. 156 sqq., Munich, 1861; Eng. transl., The Church and the Churches, London, 1862; idem, Ueber die Wiedereinigung der christlichen Kirchen, ib. 1888; L. Boissard, L'Eglise de Russie, 2 vols., Paris, 1867; A. dAvril, La Bulgarie chretienne, Paris, 1892; idem, Les Eglises autonomes et autocephales, ib. 1895; idem, La Serbie chretienne, ib. 1897; H. Gelzer, Geistliches und Weltliches aus dem tiirkischen Orient, Leipsic, 1900; O. Hubner, Statistische Tabelle alter Lander, Frankfort, 1901; D. Kyriakos, Geschichte der orientalischen Kirchen, 1463-1898, Leipsic, 1902; M. G. Dampier, Hist, of the Orthodox Church in Austria-Hungary, London, 1905. Material of value will be found also in D. M. Wallace, Russia, New York, 1905.
Special topics are treated in: A. de Stourdza, Considerations sur la doctrine et I'esprit de Veglise orthodoxe, Paris, 1816; K. P. Pobedonoszew, Streitfragen der Gegenwart, Berlin, 1897; K. Boll, Enthusiasmus und Bussgewalt beim griechischen M onchthum, Leipsic, 1898 ; P- Meyer, Die theologische Litteratur der griechischen Kirche im 16. Jahrhundert, ib. 1899; A. Schmidtke, Das Klosterland des Athos, ib. 1903; B. Pick, Hymns and Poetry of the Eastern Church, New York, 1908.