THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Clemens Romanus, pp. 383 sqq., Gottingen, 1854; D. Chwolsohn, Die Ssabier und der Ssabismus, 2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1856; A. Hilgenfeld, Judenthum und Judenchristenthum, Leipsic, ISSti; T. Zahn, Kanon, II. ii. 624 sqq., ib. 1S91; Harnack, Litteratur, I. i. 625 sqq.; Neander, Christian Church, i. 344-364 et passim; Schaff, Christian Church, ii. 42S-432; DCB, ii. 24-28.
EBNER, eb'ner, CHRISTINA: Prioress of Engelthal, near Nuremberg; b. at Nuremberg Mar. 2S, 1277; d. at Engelthal Dec. 27, 1356. She was the daughter of a Nuremberg patrician. In 1289 she entered the convent of Engelthal, whence the fame of her holiness spread as early as 1297; in 1345 she became prioress. She lived for manyyears an ascetic life and had visions and inner experiences which have been preserved in her own records and those of her confessor, the Dominican Conrad von Fiissen. In her biographies of deceased sisters she introduces a circle of God-seeking women who had been filled with the spirit of mysticism. Christina's spiritual memoirs relate the events of the time and thus offer material useful for the historian. She also wrote on earthquakes and the Black Death (1348). The last days of her life were enlivened by a visit of Henry of Nordlingen (1351), whose congenial thought and feeling confirmed her inner life. Her memoirs are written in noble and at times poetical language and show a woman deeply in earnest and of fine taste and education.
(Philipp Strauch.)
Bibliography: G. W. K. Lochner, Leben und Geschichte der Christina Ebnerin, Nuremberg, 1872; K. Schroder, Der Nonne von Engelthal Biichlein Von der Genaden Veberlast, Tubingen, 1871; R. A. Vaughan, Hours with the Mystics, i. 223-224, 8th ed., London [1905].
EBNER, MARGARETA: Fourteenth century mystic; b. at Donauworth (25 m. n. of Augsburg)
c. 1291; d. at the convent of Maria Medingen near Dillingen (23 m. n.w. of Augsburg) June 20, 1351. She is not related to Christina Ebner, but descended from a patrician family at Donauworth and entered the monastery of Dominican nuns at Maria Medingen. On account of a lingering disease she retired from 1312 to 1315 more and more into herself and soon experienced supposed proofs of divine grace, but her life received its decisive tendency only in 1332 by her intercourse with Henry of Nordlingen (q.v.). In her diaries she has related the story of her sufferings and visions, and of her spiritual intercourse with Henry of Nordlingen. Her style lacks variety and a higher flight of thought. Like Christina, she touches historical events of the time. She was highly respected, not only in Medingen, but men like Tauler sought her acquaintance and entered into correspondence with her. (Philipp Strauch. )
Bibliography: P. Strauch, Margareta Ebner und Heinrich von Nordlingen, Tubingen, 1882; W. Preger, Geschichte der deutschen Mystik, ii. 247-251, 269-274, 277-306, Leipsic, 1881; It. A. Vaughan, Hours with the Mystics, i. 216, 8th ed., London [1905].
EBO (EBBO): Archbishop of Reims and bishop of Hildesheim; b. on a Frankish crown estate east of the Rhine toward the end of the eighth century;
d. at Hildesheim Mar. 20, 851. His father was a serf, but he was educated in Charlemagne's court school and became the youthful friend of the subsequent Emperor Louis, who elevated him in 816 to
the archbishopric of Reims. In 823 he led a great Frankish mission to Denmark, and was appointed by the Pope apostolic legate in the North. From Sleswick, where he first gained a firm footing, he penetrated heathendom, liberated many Christian captives from slavery, founded a cloister in Holstein, and thus paved the way for Denmark's transition to Christianity. In the partizanships and contentions about the throne which subsequently disordered the Empire, he took sides with the opponents of the Emperor Louis, interested himself in the latter's humiliation, and was rewarded therefor by Lothair with the opulent abbey of St. Vedast in Arras. When Louis proved victorious, Ebo was dispossessed of all his offices and honors at the Synod of Diedenhofen in 835, and was kept under guard as prisoner of state in the abbey of Fulda. Only after Louis' death did he regain his freedom and return to Reims. Soon after, being banished again by Charles the Bald, he fled to Italy, till Louis the German recalled him and rewarded him with the bishopric of Hildesheim. Here he still wrought for a short time in peace. Two small writings are attributed to Ebo: Indiculum de ministris Remensis ecclesiw, and Apologia archiepiscopi Remensis cum ejusdem ad gentes septentrionales legatione (Bouquet, Recueil, vi. 254 sqq., vii. 277 sqq.). He has been suggested as the possible author or instigator of the Pseudo-Isidorian decretals (q.v.). A. Werner.
Bibliography: Flodoard, Hist. Remensis ecclesim, ii. 19- 20, ed. G. Waitz, in MGH, Script, xiii (1881), 467 sqq.; A. Simson, Jahrbucher des frdnkischen Reichs, vol. i., Leipsic, 1874; G. Dehio, Geschichte des Erzbistums Hamburg-Bremen, Berlin, 1877; H. Schrors, Hinkmar, Freiburg, 1884; E. Diimmler, Geschichte des ostfrankischen Reichs, Leipsic, 1887; Hauck, KD, ii. passim; KL, iv. 92-94.
EBRARD OF BETHUNE. See Eberhard.
EBRARD, e'brart, JOHANN HEINRICH AUGUST.
Student Life and Early Lectures (§ 1).
Professor at Zurich and Erlangen (§ 2).
Councilor of the Consistory (§ 3).
The New Catechism and Hymn-book (§ 4).
Victory of Ebrard's Opponents (§ 5).
His Return to Erlangen (§ 6).
Estimate of his Work (§ 7).
This Reformed theologian was born at Erlangen Jan. 18, 1818; d. there July 23, 1888. His father came of a family of French refugees and was preacher of the French Reformed Church in Erlangen. At an early age August revealed extraordinary endowments and vivacity of i. Student mind. He attended the gymnasium Life and of his native city, and began the study Early of theology at the university in 1835 Lectures, under Olshausen, Honing, Krafft, Hofmann and Harless. His great mental vivacity induced him to study almost all branches of human science and art, not, however, neglecting the pleasures and attractions of the student life. From 1838 to 1839 he studied at Berlin, where he was especially attracted by the philosopher Steffens. He also heard Hengstenberg, Neander, Twesten, Marheineke, Strauss, Ritter, Trendelenburg and others. After his examination in 1839 he accepted a position as pn-