RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
.Encyclopedia Engelbrecht
was forbidden. Diderot, however, made his plans to continue privately to prepare the remaining volumes. D'Alembert withdrew, but Diderot toiled on and completed the work (28 vols., Paris, 1751-72). Andre Francois Lebreton acquired a large interest in the undertaking and all the contributions were set up as they were written, but when Diderot had corrected the last proof, Lebreton and his foreman, without informing his partners, secretly cut out such parts from each article as he thought too radical or likely to give offense. In this way many of the best articles were mutilated, and to prevent the restoration of the eliminated matter, Lebreton burned the original manuscripts. Subsequently a supplement was published (5 vols., Amsterdam [Paris], 1776-77), also an index (2 vols., 1780).
The Encyclopedic was at once a repository of information and a polemical arsenal. It was an idea of the editors that if civilization should be entirely destroyed, mankind might turn to their volumes to learn to reconstruct it. No other collection of general information so large and so useful was then in existence. Yet mere learning was not what lay nearest to the hearts of Diderot and his fellows; they prided themselves even more on the firm and bold philosophy of some of the writers. The metaphysics is founded chiefly on Locke, who " may be said to have created metaphysics as Newton created physics," by reducing the science to " what in fact it should be, the experimental physics of the soul." Beyond this there is little unity of opinion, though the same spirit rules throughout. It includes a prejudice in favor of democracy, as the ideal form of government, and the worship of theoretical equality, but contempt for the populace, "which discerns nothing"; the reduction of religion to sentiments of morality and benevolence, and great dislike for its ministers, especially the religious orders. By its generous professions of philosophic tolerance, and apparent acquiescence in what for the moment it was too weak to overpower, the philosophic school won a hearing for doctrines which were essentially subversive of the established order of things in both Church and State, and prepared the way for overt revolution. See Deism, II.
Bibliography: J. de La Porte, Esprit de Vencyclopedie, Paris, 1768; F. M. A. de Voltaire, Questions sur Vencyclopedie, ib. 1770; W. Van Mildert, View of the Rise and Progress of Infidelity, i. 378, Oxford, 1839; C. Bartholmess, Hist, critique des doctrines religieuses modernes, Strasburg, 1855; C. A. Sainte Beuve, Portraits litteraires, 3 vols., Paris, 1855; A. S. Farrar, Critical Hist, of Free Thought, pp. 166-178, London, 1862; E. Faguet, Le Dix-huitieme Si'ecle, Paris, 1890. Consult also the literature given under Diderot, Denis.
END A (ENNA), SAINT, OF ARAN: Founder of the first of the great Irish monastic schools, at Killeany ("Church of Enna "), on the largest of the Aran Islands (Inishmore), off Galway Bay; d. c. 540. According to his fourteenth-century life he was of royal descent and a mighty warrior in his youth; converted by a pious sister, he became a monk. He studied in Britain (probably at Candida Casa; see Ninian, Saint), and founded a monastery on the Continent (according to some at Rome, according to others in Brittany). Return- IV.— 9
ing to Ireland he established himself on Inishmore, where Ciaran of Clonmacnoise, Brendan, Finnian of Moville, Columba, and other famous abbots and bishops were among his pupils. So many resorted to the island that it received the name of Aran of the Saints. It is still full of highly interesting remains of both pagan and early Christian times.
Bibliography; Lanigan, Eccl. Hist., i. 396-400; J. Healy, Insula sanctorum, pp. 163-187, Dublin, 1890.
ENDERS, ERNST LUDWIG: German Lutheran; b. at Frankfort Dec. 27, 1833. He studied in Heidelberg, Erlangen, and Tubingen (1852-55), and since 1865 has been pastor at Oberrad nearly opposite to Frankfort. He prepared the second Erlangen edition of Luther's works (25 vols., Frankfort, 1862-84), and edited Luther und Emser, ihre Streitschriften aus dem Jahre 1521 (2 vols., Halle, 1891); Aus dem Kampfe der Schwdrmer gegen Luther, drei Flugschriften (1894); and Johann Eberlin von Gunzberg, ausgewdhlte Schriften (2 vols., 1896-1900). He is a collaborator on the complete edition of Luther's works in course of preparation by J. K. Irmischer, C. S. T. Elsperger, and H. Schmidt, to which he has contributed Dr. Martin Luthers Briefwechsel (2 vols., covering the period from May, 1534, to July, 1536; Calw, 1903).
ENDURA. See New Manicheans.
ENERGUMEN. See Demoniac, § 5.
ENGELBRECHT, en"gel"breH', HANS: German mystic; b. at Brunswick Easter Day, 1599; dthere 1642. In his youth he was an apprentice to a weaver, and had little education. Even at an early age he was of a melancholy disposition, and in 1622 fell seriously ill, his disease culminating in spasms accompanied with hallucinations. Excommunicated as holding heretical doctrines of the Lord's Supper, he fled from Brunswick in 1625, and sought to work in Winsen-an-der-Aller, Liineburg, Hamburg, and Holland, but was everywhere persecuted, although comforted by new visions and converse with the angels. Returning to Brunswick in 1631, he vainly endeavored to become reconciled with the clergy and again left the city. At Hamburg he had himself imprisoned to prove his divine power by fasting for a week. He was driven from Gliickstadt by troops, and shortly before his death returned to Brunswick. His writings, based on his visions, are as follows: Eine wahrhafftige Geschicht und Gesicht vom Himmel und der Hellen (Brunswick, 1625); Gdttlich und himmlisch Mandat (Bremen, 1625); Brief an M. Hartkopf, Seniorem in Hamburg (1640); Ein christlich Schreiben an die Gelahrten ; Ein Gesicht vom neuen Himmel und Erde ; and Antwort, wie man Gott im Neuen Testament fragen soil (1641); Gesicht von den drey Stdnden ; Gesicht von dem Berg des Heils und dem Wasser der Siinden; and Schreiben an Popke Popkes. A complete edition of the works of Engelbrecht appeared at Brunswick in 1686 (Eng. transl. by F. Okely, Northampton, 1780). (Ferdinand Cohrs.)
Bibliography: P. J. Rehtmeyer, Braunschweig Kirchen- Historie, iv. 417 sqq., 472 sqq., Brunswick, 1715; G. Arnold, Kirchen- und Ketzer-Historie, iii. 217 sqq., Frankfort, 1729; W. Beste, in ZHT, 1844, pp. 122.
Engelhardt England, Church of