THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
lieved that the Persian Gulf once extended 150 or perhaps even 200 miles farther north than at present, and the formation of alluvial land continues at the rate of about a mile in seventy years. The whole course of the river is about 1,780 miles, and it is navigable for small vessels for about 1,200 miles. It has been well said that the " upper region of the Euphrates resembles that of the Rhine, while its middle course may be compared with that of the Danube, and its lower with the Nile." See Assyria, II., § 2; Babylonia, II., §§ 1-2.
Robert W Rogers.
Bibliography: F. R. Chesney, Expedition for the Survey of the . Euphrates, London, 1850 (the best); W. K. Loftus, Chaldwa and Susiana, ib. 1857; A. H. Layard, Nineveh and Babylon, chaps, xxi.-xxii., ib. 1867; G. Rawlinson, Herodotus, Essay ix., London, 1875; F. Delitzseh, Wo lag das Parodies? pp. 169-170, Leipsic, 1881; Schrader, KAT, pp. 26-28, 122, 148, 239, 359, 528; DB, i. 794; EB, ii. 1427-29.
EUSEBIUS, yu-se'bi-TTs: Pope 309. His pontificate lasted only from Apr. 18 to Aug. 17, after which, in consequence of disturbances within the Church which led to acts of violence, he was banished by the tyrant Maxentius, who had been the sole ruler of Rome since Apr., 308, and had at first shown himself friendly to the Christians. The difficulty arose, as in the case of his predecessor Marcellus, out of his attitude toward the Lapsed (q.v.), which represented the milder standpoint. He died in exile in Sicily, and was buried in the cemetery of Calixtus, his successor Damasus placing an epitaph of eight hexameters over his tomb; the epithet " martyr " contained in them is not to be taken in the strict sense. (Edgar Hennecke.)
Bibliography: Liber pontificalia, ed. Duchesne, i. 167, Paris, 1886, ed. Mommsen, in MGH, Gest. pont. Bom., i (1898), 45; ASB, Sept., vii. 265-271; F. X. Kraus, Roma sotterranea, pp. 181 sqq., Freiburg, 1879; J. B. Lightfoot, Apostolic Fathers, I., i. 297-299, London, 1890; Bower, Popes, i. 41; KL, iv. 997-999.
EUSEBIUS OF ALEXANDRIA: An author to whom are attributed certain extant homilies which enjoyed some renown in the Eastern Church in the sixth and seventh centuries. Their homiletical merit does not rise above mediocrity, and nothing is known of the author. At all events, he was not a patriarch of Alexandria, as is affirmed in an early biography (MPG, lxxxvi. 1, pp. 297-310), written by one Johannes, a notary, and stating that Eusebius was called by Cyril to be his successor in the episcopate. The discourses belong probably to the fifth or sixth century, and possibly originated in Alexandria. They deal with the life of the Lord and with questions of ecclesiastical life and practise, which they resolve in a monasticascetic way. Their literary character is not quite clear; while most of them are adapted for public delivery, not a few bear the character of ecclesiastical pronouncements. They are printed in MPG, lxxxvi. 1, pp. 287-462, 509-536, except four included among Chrysostom's works. The fragments preserved in the so-called Sacra parallela are to be found in K. HolPs Fragmente vornicanischer Kirclienvater (TU, new series, v. 2, Leipsic, 1899), pp. 314-332. A homily concerning the observance of Sunday is attributed by Zahn (see below) to Eusebius of Emesa. G. Kruger,
Bibliography: J. C. Thilo, Ueber die Schriften des Eusebius von Alexandrien und des Eusebius von Emesa, Halle 1832; T. Zahn, in ZKW- v (1884), 516-534; G. Morin,' Se*mo de dominicae observatione, Une ancienne adaptation latine d'un sermon attribue a Eusebe d' Alexandrie, in Revue Benedictine, 1907, pp. 530 sqq.; Ceillier, Auteurs sacres viii. 383-384; DCB, ii. 305-307.
EUSEBIUS (BRUNO) OF ANGERS: Bishop of Angers; d. Sept. 1, 1081. He is first met with as bishop of Angers at the synod of Reims in 1049, and for a long time had been an adherent of Berengar's doctrine of the Lord's Supper (see Berengar op Tours). As such he was regarded by Berengar himself and by his opponents Dietwin of Liege, Durand of Troarne, and Humbert. But when he recognized the strength of the opposition, he favored a compromise; at any rate he advised Berengar in 1054 to swear to the formula presented to him. Nevertheless Berengar considered him his friend many years later and requested him to silence a certain Galfrid Martini or to arrange a disputation. In his reply Eusebius not only regretted the whole controversy, but also stated that he would abide by the words of Holy Scripture, according to which the bread and wine after the consecration become the body and blood of the Lord; if one asks how this can take place the answer must be that it is not according to the order of nature but in accordance with the divine omnipotence; at any rate one must be careful not to give offense to the plain Christian. The epistle is a downright renunciation of Berengar in case he should still maintain his view. In favor of the supposition that Eusebius changed his opinion from deference to the count of Anjou, the decided opponent of Berengar and his doctrine, it can be adduced that he did not defend Berengar against the hostilities of the court, and that for a long time he sided with this violent prince. It is also possible that the fact impressed itself upon Eusebius that the religious consciousness of the time more and more opposed Berengar. Our knowledge, however, is too fragmentary to pass a very accurate sentence. S. M. Deutsch.
Bibliography: G. E. Lessing, Berengarius Turonensis (Werke, ed. Lachmann-Maltzahn, viii. 331 sqq., 12 vols., Leipsic, 1853-57); H. Sudendorf, Berengarius Turonensis, pp. 92 sqq. et passim, Gotha, 1850; L. Schwabe, Studien zur Geschichte des zweiten Abendmahlsstreits, Leipsic, 1887; J. Schnitzer, Berengar von Tours, 75 sqq., Munich, 1890; idem, in Der Katholik, 1892, 544 sqq.; Brooking, in Deutsche Zeitschrift fiir Geschichtswissenschaft, v (1891), 362, vi (1892), 232; ZKG, xii (1891), 169; Neander, Christian Church, iii. 508-517.
EUSEBIUS OF CiESAREA. I. Life.
Becomes Prominent in the Arian Controversy (5 1). II. Works.
Works on Biblical Text Criticism (§1). The " Chronicle " (§ 2). The " Church History " (§ 3). Minor Historical Works (§ 4). Apologetic and Dogmatic Works (§ 5). Exegetical and Miscellaneous Works (§ 6). III. Estimate of Eusebius. His Doctrine (§ 1). His Excellencies and Limitations (§ 2).
Eusebius of Ca:sarea (often called Eusebius Pamphili, "Eusebius [the friend of] Pamphilus "; see Pamphilus). bishop of Csesarea in Palestine, the father of church history, was born about 275 or