THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
important land faithful to his obedience. He died Feb. 23, 1447. His successors praised him for having saved the power of the papacy in difficult times; and by his victory over the council and by the union with the Greeks he did really contribute to the restoration of Ultramontane ideas of the papacy after they had been shaken by the Great Western Schism. Paul Tschackert.
Bibliography: The Vita is in Muratori, Scriptores, III., ii. 868-S7S. Consult: A. Masius, Ueber die Stellung des Kamaldulensers A. Traversari zum Papst Eugen IV., Dobling, 1SS6; M. Birck, Der Kblner Erzbischof Dietrich und Papst Eugen IV., Bonn, 1889; Creighton, Papacy, ii. 165-373; Pastor, Popes, i. 282-361; Milman, Latin Christianity, vii. 538-viii. 98, Bower, Popes, iii. 218-234; KL, iv. 970 sqq.
EUGIPIUS, yu-jip'i-us (EUGIPPIUS, EUGE- PIUS, EUGYPPIUS, EGIPPIUS): Monk and ecclesiastical writer; b. in Noricum about 455 or 460; d. between 533 and 543. His life is obscure and the alleged facts given by various writers are to be rejected. Under his name there have been preserved an extract (Thesaurus) from a part of the works of Augustine which circulated in numerous manuscripts during the Middle Ages and was greatly esteemed; some letters, and a biography of St. Severin (q.v.). The latter is his most important work. It is written in a simple style, bare of almost every ornament, and it is this simplicity and naivete which have procured universal recognition for the work. Historians have special reason to esteem this biography, as they obtain from an eye-witness important information concerning a period and part of the Roman empire which otherwise would be unknown. The time is that after Attila's last invasion of Italy and after his death, when Germanic tribes such as the Goths entered Italy, robbing and spoiling, murdering, and taking captives. Only certain fortresses on the right bank of the Danube resisted for some time the attacks of the Germans, especially through the aid of Severin, who warned the Romans of the threatened invasion and gained also the respect of the Arian Germans and induced them to retire. But the downfall of the Roman dominion in Noricum could not long be postponed. Shortly after the death of Severin (482) the time came which had been predicted by him when the last Romans emigrated from Noricum and returned to Italy. In 487 they carried his bones with them, thus fulfilling his last wish. The remains were finally deposited in 491 or 492 at Lucullanum, on a small island in the Bay of Naples, where a noble woman provided a beautiful burying-place. There a new monastery was erected for Severin's disciples, of which Eugipius became the third abbot.
During the latter years of the life of Severin, Eugipius was one of his disciples. He witnessed his last deeds and heard his last admonitions and predictions. He wrote his biography of the saint in the beginning of the sixth century. A distinguished layman, the author of a biography of a monk named Bassus, had asked Eugipius for material on the life of Severin, with the intention of using it as the basis for another biography. Eugipius complied with the wish, and wrote down all his own recollections and those of his older breth-
ren, arranging them chronologically. Then he hesitated to entrust a layman with his material and finally gave it to Paschasius, a deacon, asking him to write a biography of Severin and give an account of his miracles and predictions. Paschasius, however, refused, on the ground that no scholarly skill could add to the memorial of Eugipius. A stranger, he thought, might only spoil the representation of the pupil and eye-witness. Thus there were no changes made in the manuscript. Eugipius was not learned, especially in secular sciences. His judgment in theological matters is not deep, and he relates miracle after miracle, without the least attempt to explain them.
(K. Leimbachj.)
Bibliography: The Opera, ed. J. Herold, appeared Basel, 1542; in MPL, lxii.; and in CSEL, ix. parts 1-2. Consult: M. Biidinger, in Sitzungsberichte der Wiener Akademie, philosophisch-historische Klasse, xci (1S7S), 793- 814; Wattenbach, DGQ, 5th ed., i. 47, 6th ed., i. 44-49, ii. 501; A. Ebert, Geschichte der christlich-lateinischen Literatur, i. 431 sqq., Leipsie, 1889; W. S. Teuffel, Geschichte der romischen Literatur, p. 1286, § 494, no. 3, Leipsie, 1890; DCB, ii. 275-276.
EUHEMERUS, yu-hi'mer-us (EUEMERUS): Greek philosopher; flourished about 316-300 B.C. He was possibly a native of Messene, though Agrigentum, Tegea in Arcadia, and the island of Cos all claimed him. In philosophy he was allied to the school of Aristippus of Cyrene. He lived at the court of Cassander of Macedon, by whom he was sent on a journey into the region of the Indian Ocean. On his return he wrote a " Sacred History," the method of which made him famous. In this work he claimed to have found in Panaraa, the capital of the (fabulous) island Pancha?a, a temple to Zeus where was a column bearing the register of the births and deaths of many of the gods. He professed to take this as a clue and interpreted myth as history, regarding the gods as eminent men posthumously deified, thus anticipating the Spencerian school and giving his name to that type of interpretation of history and myth called Euhemerism. The book was attractive in style and matter, and was translated by the Latin poet Ennius (Cicero, De natura deorum, i. 42). Only a few fragments remain, collected in Diodorus Siculus, Biblioihecce historicce, ed. P. Wesseling (Amsterdam, 1746), in I. P. Cory, Ancient Fragments (London, 1876), and G. N. Remethy (Budapest, 1889). The work was a subtle attack on paganism, and its method was taken up by the Christian Apologists (cf. Lactantius, " Institutes," i. 11, Eng. transl. ANF, vii. 20-24 — founded on Euhemerus), and continued to be in favor until very recent times. Geo. W. Gilmore.
Bibliography: Gauss, Qumstiones Euhemerece, Kemper, 1860; R. de Block, Euhemere; son livre et sa doctrine, Mons, 1876; valuable notes are to be found in M^moires de I'academie des inscriptions, vols, viii., p. xv., xxxiv. 453, 462, xxv. 1.
EULALIUS, yu-le'li-us: Antipope 41S-419. For his election and expulsion, see Boniface I. He was banished to Campania, where he remained quiet during the pontificate of his successful opponent, after whose death some were found to support again the choice of Eulalius. He died the year after Boniface, in 423. (A. Hauck.)