RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Evolution Exclusion, Right of
schaft (12 vols., Gottingen, 1849-65). Unhappily his sensitiveness and testiness continually increased. He interfered in every event of state and church life, and published his views thereon in prefaces and postscripts to his books. He had taken part in founding the Protestant Union (q.v.) in 1863; nevertheless he subsequently withdrew from the same, on failing to carry through a manifesto that he had planned against the Prussian government. His sharp expressions of opinion in political affairs had already brought him into repeated conflict with the government. When in 1867 he refused the oath of allegiance to the king of Prussia, his removal from the philosophical faculty was effected by a ministerial rescript. Through subsequent utterances he also forfeited, in 1868, the right of delivering lectures. From 1869 he represented, in the Imperial Diet, the capital city of Hanover. Not even the victories of German arms in 1870-71, and the restoration of the Empire, prevailed to efface his bitterness in the political domain. Yet with all this he continued a diligent laborious scholar, and still published extensive works; in particular, Die Bucher des Neuen Bundes iibersetzt und erklart (Gottingen, 1871-72), and Die Theologie des Alten und Neuen Bundes (4 vols., Leipsic, 1871- 1876). The latter work contains — with rather tedious exposition, it is true — his aggregate view of Biblical religion. Carl Bertheau.
Bibliography: Gottinger gelehrte Nachrichten, 1875, pp. 340- 344; A. Dillmann, in Im neuen Reich, V., i (1875), 778- 786; ABB, vi. 438-442; T. W Davies, Heinrich Ewald, Orientalist and Theologian, London, 1903.
EWALD (HERMANN AUGUST), PAUL: German Protestant; b. at Leipsic Jan. 13, 1857 He studied in Erlangen and Leipsic (Ph. D., 1881), and from 1880 to 1882 was a member of the clergy staff of St. Paul's, Leipsic. In 1883 he became privat-docent at the university in the same city, and associate professor in 1887. In 1886 he went to Vienna as professor of the New Testament in the Protestant faculty of that city, and in 1894 to Erlangen as professor of dogmatic theology and New Testament exegesis. He has edited G. B. Winer's Komparative Darstellung der Lehrbegriffe der verschiedenen christlichen Kirchenparteien (Leipsic, 1882), and has written Der Einfluss der stoischciceronianischen Moral auf die Darstellung der Ethik bei Ambrosius (Leipsic, 1881); De vocis syneideseos apud scriptores Novi Testamenti vi ac potestate (1883); Die Hauptprobleme der Evangelienfrage (1890); Der geschichtliche Christus und die synoptischen Evangelien (1892); Ueber das Verhdltnis der systematischen Theologie zur Schriftwissenschaft (1895); Ueber die Glaubenswiirdigkeit der Evangelien (1897); Religion und Christentum (1898); Wer war Jesus ?1(1899); Der Christ und die Wissenschaft (1903); and Kommentar zu den Brief en des Paulus an die Ephesier, Kolossier, und Philemon (1905).
EWING, FINIS: One of the founders of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church; b. in Bedford County, Va., June 10, 1773; d. at Lexington, Mo., July 4, 1841. He early removed to Davidson County, Tenn., and subsequently to Logan County, Ky. His education was limited,
but under the influence of revivalist preachers he offered himself as a candidate for the Presbyterian ministry. About 1800 he was licensed as a probationer and in Nov., 1803, was ordained by the Cumberland presbytery. The Kentucky synod did not recognize this ordination and in 1806 dissolved the Cumberland presbytery. As a result, Ewing, with two others, organized on Feb. 4, 1810, the first presbytery of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (see Presbyterians). In 1820 he removed to Missouri, settling first in what is now Cooper County. He soon built up a large congregation at New Lebanon, which still flourishes. In 1836 he went to Lexington, Lafayette County, Mo., where he labored till his death. He published Lectures on Important Subjects in Divinity (Nashville, 1824).
Bibliography: F. R. Cossitt, Life and Times of Rev. Finis Ewing, Nashville, 1853; R. Beard, Biographical Sketches of . Early Ministers of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, 2 vols., ib. 1867; J. B. Lindsley, Sources and Sketches of Cumberland Presbyterian Hist, in Theological Medium, 1877-78; R. V. Foster, in American Church History Series, xi. 259, 268, 288.
EXACTIONS (Exactiones tallix): In canon law, taxes of an extraordinary sort, either entirely new, or old taxes levied at a higher rate. They are essentially illegal, and were forbidden as early as the Third Council of Toledo (509). When levied, valid ground (manifesta ac rationabilis causa) must exist, and they must be limited to the indispensable requirement (moderatum auxilium).
EXARCH: A title applied to the head of an ecclesiastical province, whose rank, historically, was equivalent sometimes to that of Patriarch (q.v.), sometimes to that of Metropolitan or Archbishop (qq.v.). Cf. Bingham, Origines, II., xvi. 5, xvii. 1-2, where the synodical decisions are given.
EXCLUSION, RIGHT OF (Exclusiva): In the wider sense, the right of a sovereign or secular official to veto the nomination of a candidate for an ecclesiastical office. In the narrower and more usual sense, the jus exclusive is the right to exclude a candidate for the papacy who is unacceptable to the power exercising it. The constitutional influence of the emperors on papal elections ceased in the eleventh century; but since the fifteenth the great Roman Catholic powers (the Roman-German Empire, Austria, France, Spain) have, as a matter of fact, attempted to exercise a certain influence in the direction of what appeared to be their interests by means of cardinals devoted to them, and to exclude undesirable candidates by getting together so many votes for their own that the others failed of the necessary two-thirds. As this practise became publicly recognized, since the seventeenth century it has developed into a formal assumption of the right to exclude from election one candidate for each power, by a declaration made before the termination of the balloting through a cardinal authorized for the purpose. Besides the powers named, Naples and Portugal claimed this right. Though it was not exercised at the election of Leo XIII. , at that of Pius X. in 1903 the emperor of Austria attempted to enforce it against Cardinal Rampolla. It was understood, however,
Exclusive Brethren Exegesis or Hermeneutics