THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
1761-67 (inaccurate). Corrections of this must be made by reference to the prefaces and dedications of his works (cf. D\B, xviii. 397-398).
FIDELIS, SAINT (MARKUS ROY): German Capuchin; b. at Sigmaringen (30 m. n.e. of Constance) 1577; d. at Seewis (32 m. s.e. of Schwyz) Apr. 24, 1622. He received a thorough education and studied law at Freiburg until 1603, after which he traveled extensively, and in 1611 settled at Ensisheim as a lawyer. In the same year, he entered the Capuchin Order under the name of Pater Fi delis; after his ordination he studied theology at the monasteries of Constance and Frauenfeld. He then became parish priest successively at Rheinfelden and Freiburg, and finally guardian in the monastery of Feldkirch. When the Austrians and Spaniards seized a portion of the Swiss territories in 1620 and sought to reconvert them to the Roman Catholic Church, the Congregation of the Propaganda placed Fi delis at the head of the Rhetian mission. On the day of his death he preached in the church of Seewis under the protection of a detachment of soldiers, whereupon the desperate peasants captured the church and routed the troops, murdering the fleeing preacher in the street. His corpse was first buried at Seewis and later at Chur, while his head was interred at Feldkirch. He was canonized by Benedict XIV. on June 29, 1746. (E. Blosch-j-.)
Bibliography: Sources for a life are in H. Murer, Helvetia sancta, pp. 431 sqq., Lucerne, 1648; F. Sprecher von Berneck, Hist, motuum et bellorum, Geneva, 1629, Germ. transl., i. 334, Chur, 1856. The best modern life is in A. Butler, Lives of the Fathers, i. 494-496, London, 1857; consult also KL, iv. 1482-85.
FIEF, ECCLESIASTICAL: A term used sometimes as equivalent to Benefice (q.v.), but more properly designating an estate belonging to the Church and conferred by feudal tenure. Military service was included in the obligations of a true fief, even when held by a cleric — but in this case, as the canons forbade him to bear arms, he was allowed to provide a substitute. The practise of granting church lands attained such proportions during the Middle Ages that Pius V., in 1567, prohibited any further grants, providing for the immediate incorporation with the papal camera of any fiefs that fell in. On this principle Clement VIII. incorporated the duchy of Ferrara with the States of the Church in 1598, and Urban VIII. did the same with Urbino, Castro, and Ronciglione. Famous instances of countries held by their rulers as vassals of the pope were Aragon (1208), England (1213), the island of Sardinia (1295), Naples and Sicily down to the second half of the eighteenth century. (O. MEjERf.)
Bibliography: G. A. Jenichen, Thesaurus juris feudalis,
i. 990, Frankfort, 1750; G. L. Bohmer, Observationes juris
feudalis, no. 7, Gottingen, 1784; Rechtslexikon, vi. 386
sqq., Leipsic, 1845; KL, vii. 597-600.
FIELD, FREDERICK: Church of England; b. in London July 20, 1801; d. at Norwich Apr. 19, 1SS5. He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A., 1823), and from 1824 to 1843 was fellow of his college. He was ordained priest in 1828, and was rector of Reephain, Norfolk, 1842-63, resigning that he might be able to devote himself entirely to
his edition of the fragments of Origen's Hexapla a work the erudition of which is universally recognized. He was elected an honorary fellow of Trinity College in 1875 and was a member of the British Old Testament Revision Company. In theology he avoided both the Evangelical and ritualistic extremes. He edited the Greek text of Chrysostom's homilies on Matthew (3 vols., Cambridge, 1839) and on all the Pauline Epistles (7 vols., Oxford 1849-62); Isaac Barrow's Treatise on the Pope's Supremacy (London, 1851); J. E. Grabe's text of the Septuagint (Oxford, 1859); and Origenis Hexaplorum qua; super sunt (2 vols., 1867-74); and wrote Otium Norvicense (3 parts, 1864-86; the third part, Notes on select Passages of the Greek Testament, reprinted with additions by the author and edited by A. M. Knight, 1897). He also collaborated on Payne Smith's Thesaurus Syriacus.
Bibliography: His autobiography is in the preface to his edition of Origen's Hexapla. Consult W. Aldis Wright, in Cambridge Review, May 6, 1885; DNB, xviii. 402-404.
FIELD, HENRY MARTYN: Presbyterian; b. at Stockbridge, Mass., Apr. 3, 1822; d. there Dec. 29, 1907 He studied at Williams College (B.A., 1838), East Windsor Hill (now Hartford) Theological Seminary (1838-41), and Yale Divinity School (1841-42), and was pastor at St. Louis, Mo. (1842-47), and West Springfield, Mass (1850-54). From 1854 to 1900 he was editor and proprietor of The Evangelist, a Presbyterian weekly, published in New York City. His travel-sketches enjoyed great repute. His published works include: The Irish Confederates, and the Rebellion of 1798 (New York, 1851); Summer Pictures from Copenhagen to Venice (1859); History of the Atlantic Telegraph (1866); From the Lakes of Killarney to the Golden Horn (1876); From Egypt to Japan (1877); On the Desert ; with Review of Events in Egypt (1883); Among the Holy Hills (1884); The Greek Islands and Turkey after the War (1885); Blood Thicker than Water : A Few Days among our Southern Brethren (1886); Old and New Spain (1888); Gibraltar (1889); Bright Skies and Dark Shadows (1890); The Story of the Atlantic Telegraph (1893); and The Life of David Dudley Field (1898).
FIELD, RICHARD: English clergyman and theological writer; b. at Hemel Hempstead (23 m. n.w. of London), Hertfordshire, Oct. 15, 1561; d. at Windsor (23 m. w. of London) Nov. 21, 1616. He attended the Berkhampstead school and in 1577 entered Oxford, studying successively at Magdalen College, Magdalen Hall, and Queen's College (B.A., 1581; M.A., 1584; B.D., 1592; D.D., 1596). As a lecturer (1584-91) at Magdalen Hall he made himself famous for his knowledge of divinity and his ability as a disputant. In 1594 he became divinity lecturer at Lincoln's Inn, and soon afterward rector at Burghclcre, Hampshire. In 1598 he became a chaplain in ordinary to Queen Elizabeth, in 1604 canon at Windsor, and in 1609 dean of Gloucester. He was also chaplain to James I., who sent him to the Hampton Court Conference in 1604 and called him to Oxford in 1605 to take part in the Divinity Act. James held Field in high esteem, delighted to discuss points of theology