RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
French Revolution Presenilis
and in later time the papacy regarded as one of the victorious results the relegating of the French episcopacy to a position of dependence upon Rome. The concordat thus became the introduction to the Vatican Decrees (see Vatican Council).
(P. TSCHACKEHT.)
Bibliography: A fine list of sources and literature is given in Hauck-Herzog, RE, xvi. 713-714. Consult further the works on the general history of the period. This bibliography, like the text, has in mind only the religious side of the French Revolution. Consult: F. C. Dreyfus, L' Assistance sous la legislature et la convention, 1791-1795, Paris, 1905; A. Barruel, History of the Clergy during the French Revolution, 3 parts, London, 1794; H. Gregoire, Memoires, precedes d'une notice historique sur Vauteur par M. H. Carrwt, 2 vols., Paris, 1837; Abbe1 Jager, Histoire de I'eglise de France pendant la revolution, 3 vols., Paris, 1852; W. H. Jervis, The Gallican Church and the Revolution, London, 1882; F. X. Plasse, Le Clerge francais refugie en Angleterre, 2 vols., Paris, 1886; A. Gazier, Etudes sur I'histoire religieuse de la revolution francaise, Paris, 1887; P. L. Sciout, Histoire de la constitution civile du clerge, Paris, 1887; E. de Pressense\ L'Eglise et la revolution francaise, Paris, 1889; B. Robidou, Histoire du clerge ■pendant la revolution francaise, 2 vols., Paris, 1889; F. Chamard, La Revolution, le concordat et la liberie religieuse, Paris, 1891; P. G. Moreau, Le Centenaire du martyre des Carmelites de Compiegne 1794, Compiegne, 1894; F. Bournand, Le Clerge sous la terreur. Tours, 1895; A. Sicard, A la recherche d'une religion civile, Paris, 1895; P. A. Hamart, Collectes a travers I' Europe pour les pretres francais deportes en Suisse pendant la Revolution, 1794-1797, Paris, 1897; F. A. Aulard, Paris pendant la reaction thermidorienne et seusle directoire, 5 vols., Paris, 1898-1902; L. Bourgain, L'Eglise d' Angers pendant la revolution et jusqu'en 1870, Paris, 1898; A. Debidour, Hist, des rapports de I'eglise el de I'etat en France, 1789-1870, Paris, 1898; 0. Delare, L'Eglise de Paris pendant la revolution francaise, 1789-1801, Paris, 1898; I. Manseau, Les Pretres etreligieux deportes sur les cdtes et dans les iles de la Charente inferieure, 2 vols., Lille, 1898; J. F. E. Robinet, Le Mouvement religieux a Paris pendant la revolution (1789-1801), 2 vols., Paris, 1898; A. Thys, La Persecution religieuse en Belgique sous le directoire, 1789-1799, Anvers, 1899; M. Bonneau, Notes pour servir a I'histoire du clerge de I'Yonne pendant larevolution (1790-1800), Gens, 1900; B. ErdmannsdQrfer, Mirabeau, Bielefeld, 1900; Abb^ Ange de Leve des Ormause, Massacres de septembre dans les prisons de Paris; arrestation des pretres et des seminaristes de S. Sulpice a Issy, leur emprisonnement dans I'eglise des Cannes, Paris, 1900; H. Belloc, Robespierre, London, 1901; Sophia H. Maclehose, The Last Days of the French Monarchy, Glasgow, 1901; idem, From Monarchy to Republic in France, 1788-1792, Glasgow, 1904; T. Carlyle, The French Revolution, new issue, 3 vols., London, 1902; C. Gomel, Histoire financiere de la legislative et la convention, 1792-1795, Paris, 1902-1905; R. de Teil, Eveques et pretres massacres aux journees de septembre 1792 a Paris, Paris, 1902; T. Kiefer, Die deputierten Bischi/fe der franzosischen Nationalversammlung und die constitution civile du clerge in den Jahren 1790-1793, Freiburg, 1903; G. L. Scherger, The Evolution of Modern Liberty. The French Declaration of the Rights of Man, New York, 1904; H. d'Alm^ras, Les Romans de I'histoire, le deisme et le culte de la raison, Paris, 1905; TJ. Wahl, Vorgeschichte der franzosischen Revolution, 2 vols., Tubingen, 1905-07; Ff. G. Graham, Society in France before the Revolution, Edinburgh, 1908.
FREPPEL, frep"pel', CHARLES EMILE: French Roman Catholic prelate; b. at Ehnheim (14 m. n. of Schlettstadt), Alsace, June 1, 1827; d. at Paris Dec. 22, 1891. He studied at Strasburg and was ordained priest in 1849. After teaching philosophy at a Carmelite school in Paris and being director of the episcopal college at Strasburg, he became one of the staff of Ste. Genevieve at Paris in 1853 and dean in 1867. From 1854 to 1870 he was professor of sacred eloquence in the faculty of Roman Catholic theology at Paris. In 1869 he was called to Rome to assist in the preliminary ar-
rangements for the Vatican Council, and was a pronounced adherent of the dogma of papal infallibility. He was consecrated bishop of Angers in 1870, and was a vigorous prelate, being active in organizing pilgrimages to Paray-le-Monial, Puy, and elsewhere, and in founding a Catholic university at Angers. In 1880 he was returned as deputy from Brest, and became the leader of the clerical party. He attracted great notice by his opposition to the government, and by his outspoken ultramontanism, as well as by his anti- German sentiments. He favored the expeditions to Tunis (1881), Tonkin (1883), and Madagascar (1885), but his interference in Prussian ecclesiastical affairs was so active that it was suppressed by the French government. His numerous works include: Les Peres apostoliques et leur epoque (Paris, 1859); Les Apologistes Chretiens au deuxieme siecle (1860); St. Irenee (1861); Examen critique de la vie de Jesus-Christ par M. Renan (1863); Conferences sur la divinite de Jesus-Christ (1863); Tertullien (2 vols., 1864); St. Cyprien (1865); Clement d'Alexandrie (1865); Examen critique des apotres de M. Renan (1866); Origene (2 vols., 1868); CEuvres pastorales et oratoires (9 vols., 1869-94); (Euvres polemiques (9 vols., 1874-88); L'figlise et les ouvriers (1876); Les devoirs du chretien dans la vie civile (1876); and La Vie chretienne (1879). After his death appeared his Bossuet et I'eloquence sacree au dix-septieme siecle (2 vols., 1893); Sermons inidits (2 vols., 1895), and Les Origines du christianisme (2 vols., 1903).
Bibliography: J. Subileau, Cinquante ans de ministers paroissial et d'autorite episcopate en Anjou. Mgr. Angebault et Mgr. Freppel, 2 parts, Paris, 1894; A. Ricard, Monseigneur Freppel, ib. 1892; FJ. Cornut, Mgr. Freppel d'apres des documents authentiques et inedits, ib. 1893; E. Lesur and F. Bournand, Un grand eveque: Mgr. Freppel, ib. 1893.
FRESENIUS, ire'se-ni'rjs, JOHANN PHILIPP:
German theologian; b. at Niederwiesen (near Kreuznach, 8 m. s. of Bingen), Germany, Oct. 22, 1705; d. at Frankfort July 4, 1761. Despite his poverty, he entered the University of Strasburg in 1723, where he devoted himself especially to the study of the works of Luther. On Sept. 26, 1725 he defended a series of theses on justification, but was compelled to interrupt his studies on account of the illness of his father, whose clerical duties he assumed for a year. He was then appointed tutor in the family of the count of Salm-Grunbach, but his father died shortly afterward (May 25, 1727), and he became his successor at Oberwiesen. In 1731 he published at Augsburg his Antiweislingerus in answer to the Friss Vogel oder stirb of the Jesuit J. N. Weislinger. This pamphlet so angered the Roman Catholic clergy that an attempt was made to arrest him, but he escaped to Darmstadt, where he became acquainted with Landgrave Ernst Ludwig, who appointed him second court preacher at Giessen (1734). In 1735 he became collega primarius at the Psdagogium illustre, and also began to deliver exegetical and ascetic lectures at the university. From 1736 to 1742 he officiated as court deacon at Darmstadt, where he founded an institute for proselytes which added 400 members to the Lutheran Church. From 1742
Freylinghausen Friedrich