RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Freylinsrhausen Friedrich
received an excellent education, and decided to become a priest. After preaching the Gospel in his own country he went to Gaul as a missionary, making his abode at Poitiers. Here he occupied himself chiefly with collecting relics of St. Hilary, and the saint appeared to him in a vision and exhorted him to revive his cult. With the aid of Clovis, the ruler of the Franks, he erected a church for the bones of Hilary, who then commanded him to go to Alemannia to an island in the Rhine. After founding a monastery and several churches on the Rhine he finally reached the island (Sackingen), and founded a church and a nunnery there. He was highly esteemed for saintliness and on account of the miracles which he wrought. This report was written about 500 years after the date of the alleged events. Balther claims to have taken his account from an older biography of Fridolin, but this is doubtful, and the whole history seems to have been Balther's invention as it fits into neither the reign of Clovis I. nor that of Clovis II. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: Balther's life, ed. B. Krusch, is in MGH, Script rer. Merov., iii (1896), 350-369, and with a thirteenth century German transl., in F. J. Mone, Quellensammlung der badischen Landesgeschichte, i. 1-17, 99- 111, Carlsruhe, 1848. Consult Rettberg, KD, ii. 29 sqq.; Friedrich, KD, ii. 411 sqq.; Hauck, KD, i. 328; J. H. A. Ebrard, Die iroschottische Missionskirche, p. 285, Giitersloh, 1873; H. Leo, Der heilige Fridolin, Freiburg, 1886; Wattenbach, DGQ, i. 620; ADB, vii. 385-387.
FRIDUGIS, fri"du"zhi' (FREDEGISUS, FRIDU- GISUS, FREDEGIS, FREDUGIS): French ecclesiastic and statesman; b. in England in the second half of the eighth century; d. in France 834. He left his native country for France some time before 796 and became a favorite pupil of Alcuin. He was a deacon at the French court in that year, and four years later had become archdeacon and teacher at the academy. After the death of Alcuin in 804, Charlemagne appointed Fridugis abbot of St. Martin's in Tours, later giving him the monasteries of St. Omer and St. Bertin. From 819 to 832 he was chancellor of Louis the Pious, in which office he made a number of praiseworthy innovations, but his career as an abbot was less creditable. Fridugis was the author of an Epistola ad proceres, in which he discusses light and darkness as positive entities, not as abstract negations. He likewise wrote another work which is lost, although its contents are known from Agobard's Liber contra objectiones Fredegesi, which states that in it Fridugis maintained the doctrine of the verbal inspiration of Scripture.
Bibliography: Sources are the Epistolm of Alcuin, nos. 99, 105, 155, 180, 197, and the Vita Alcuini (see under Alcuin); Einhard, Vita Karoli, chap, xxxii. in MGH, Script, ii (1829), 426-463; Theodulph, Carmina, 25, ed. Diimmler in MGH, Poetce hat. wvi Carolini, i (1881), 569-573. Consult: C. Bahr, Geschichte der romischen Literatur, Carlsruhe, 1840; H. F. Reuter, Geschichte der religiosen Aufklarung, Sondershausen, 1875-77; M. Ahner Fredegis van Tours, Leipsic, 1878; Hauck, KD, ii. 137, 148 sqq., 574.
FRIEDBERG, frid'berg, EMIL ALBERT: German Protestant jurist; b. at Konitz (62 m. s.w. of Danzig) Dec. 22, 1837. He studied in Berlin (Dr.Jur., 1861) and Heidelberg, and was privat-do-
cent at Berlin (1862-65), associate professor at Halle (1865-68), and full professor at Freiburg (1868-69). Since 1869 he has been professor of canon and German law at Leipsic. Among his numerous writings mention may be made of the following, as of theological interest: De ftnium inter ecclesiam et civitatem regendorum judicio quid medii cevi doctores et leges statuerint (Leipsic, 1861); Die evangelische und katholische Kirche der neu einverleibten Lander in ihren Beziehungen zur protestantischen Landeskirche und zum Staate (Halle, 1867); Aus deutschen Bussbiichern (1868); Das Veto der Regierung bei Bischofswahl in Preussen und der ober-rheinischen Kirchenprovinz (1869); Agenda wie es in des Churfiirsten zu Sachsen Landen in den Kirchen gehalten wird (1869); Der Staat und die katholische Kirche im Grossherzogtum Baden seit 1860 (Leipsic, 1871); Akten-Stiicke zum ersten vatikanischen Konzil (1872); Grenzen zivischen Staat und Kirche (3 vols., Tubingen, 1872); J ohann Baptist Baltzer (Leipsic, 1873); Der Staat und die Bischofswahlen in Deutschland (2 vols., 1874); Akten-Stiicke die altkatholische Bewegung betreffend (Tubingen, 1876); Corpus -juris canonici (2 vols., Leipsic, 1879-81); Lehrbuch des katholischen und evangelischen Kirchenrechts (1879); Quinque compilationes antiquce (1882); Die geltenden Verfassungsgesetze der evangelischen deutschen Landeskirche (Freiburg, 1885); also four supplementary volumes, 1888-1904); and Canones Sammlungen zwischen Gratian und Bernhard von Pavia (1897). From 1864 to 1892 he edited the Zeitschrift fur Kirchenrecht in collaboration with R. Dove, and since 1892 he and E. Sehling have edited the successor of this periodical, the Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Kirchenrecht.
FRIED LAENDER, MICHAEL: Jewish scholar; b. at Jutroschin (38 m. n. of Breslau), Germany, Apr. 29, 1833. He studied in Berlin and Halle (Ph.D., 1862), and at the Talmud Thorah, of which he was director until 1865, when he became principal of Jews' College, London, resigning in 1907. He has written, edited, or translated The Commentary of Ibn Ezra on Isaiah (3 vols., London, 1873-77); The Guide of the Perplexed of Maimonides (3 vols., 1885); The Jewish Religion (1891); and also a revision of the Authorized Version with the Hebrew text (1882) and the second edition of Lady Katie Magnus' Outlines of Jewish History from B.C. 586 to C.E. 1885 (1888).
FRIEDRICH, JOHANN: German Old Catholic; b. at Poxdorf June 5, 1836. He studied in Bamberg and Munich, and was ordained to the priesthood of the Roman Catholic Church in 1859. He was chaplain of Markscheinfeld until 1862, when he became privat-docent at Munich. In 1865 he was appointed associate professor in the same university and in 1869 was called to Rome as a councilor in the Vatican council. He refused to accept the dogma of papal infallibility and in 1871 was excommunicated and was also deprived of his benefice for violating a fundamental principle of the Church in giving the sacrament to a colleague who had fallen under ecclesiastical condemnation. Notwithstanding the protests of the bishops, he was promoted to the rank of full professor in Munich in
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