RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Froment Fruit-Trees
FROUDE, frud, RICHARD HURRELL: The
English theologian remembered chiefly for his connection with the beginning of the Oxford Movement, and brother of James Anthony Froude, the historian; b. at Dartington (2 m. n. of Totnes), Devonshire, Mar. 25, 1803; d. there Feb. 28, 1836. He was educated at Eton and at Oxford (B.A., 1824- M.A., 1827). In 1826 he won a fellowship at Oriel, of which he was also tutor from 1827 to 1830. He took deacon's orders in 1828 and priest's in 1829; but symptoms of consumption soon appeared, and he was obliged to pass a large part of the few years that remained to him in the south of Europe and the West Indies. Though he died at such an early age, his force of intellect and character made a deep impression on all who knew him. and contributed not a little to influence the course of the Oxford Movement. Thomas Mozley, who was intimately associated with the whole group of men, says of these early days {Reminiscences, i., London, 1882, p. 225) that " if there could ever be any question as to the master spirit of this movement it lies between John Henry Newman and Richard Hurrell Froude." He wrote three of the Tracts for the Times, and contributed to the Lyra Apostolica the charming verses signed /?. Two volumes of his Remains were published in 1837, with a preface by Newman. See Tractarianism.
Bibliography: Consult, besides the Life prefixed to the Remains: J. H. Newman, Apologia, pp. 75, 77, 84-87, 95, 109-110, et passim, London, 1864; T. Mozley, Reminiscences, i. 224-228, 291-305, ib. 1882; J. B. Mozley's Letters, pp. 75, 102, ib. 1884; DNB, xx. 290-291.
FRUCTUOSUS OF BRAGA: Archbishop of Braga and apostle to the Suevi and Lusitani; d. about 665. He was of royal stock, but retired to monastic life at an early age. After completing his education at a school founded by the bishop of Palencia, he sold his estates and devoted the proceeds partly to the poor and partly to the establishment of cloisters. By 647 he had founded seven monasteries in Lusitania, Asturia, Galicia, and the island of Gades, but, instead of assuming the direction he retired to solitude, where his scholars from Complutum (not the well-known town of that name, the modern Alcala, but a place apparently in northwestern Leon, or, according to others, in Asturia), sought him out and induced him to take charge of their monastery. Such was the growth of the cloister that the king forbade any except women to join it, fearing that the number of men available for military service would be depleted, whereupon Fructuosus built a nunnery for about eighty virgins who chose him for their spiritual head. He is best known, however, through the two rules which he drew up for his monks. The first of these, based in part on the Benedictine rule and designed for the cloister of Complutum (whence it is known as the Regula Complutensis), is divided into twentyfive sections and inculcates the most implicit and detailed obedience on the part of the monks. In the second rule {Regula communis) the problem of double monastic life is considered, so that husbands might live with their wives and children in monastic purity. Here again absolute sub-
mission to the abbot was required, family ties were completely dissolved, and the sexes were rigidly separated, although a few aged monks of proved morality were permitted to reside in nunneries at a distance from the cells of the sisters, to exercise supervision over them. No one was permitted to enter a monastery, moreover, unless he first renounced all his wealth in favor of the poor.
Despite the aspeticism of Fructuosus, he was obliged to enter upon high ecclesiastical office. He was planning to make a pilgrimage to the East when he was consecrated bishop of Dumio in Galicia, and in 656 the Synod of Toledo elevated him to the archbishopric of Braccara (Braga). Throughout his life he was unwearied in the erection of monasteries and churches, and after his death many miracles were ascribed to his body, which was buried at Santiago de Compostella. He is still honored as the patron saint of many churches, especially in Spain. (O. ZocKLERf.)
Bibliography: The Vita, by a contemporary, is in ASB, Apr., ii. 431-436, and ASM, ii. 581-590. Consult C. F. de T. Montalembert, Les Moines d'occident, ii. 221-226, 5 vols., Paris, 1860-77, Eng. transl., 7 vols., London, 1861-79; P. D. Gams, Kirchengeschichte Spaniens, ii. 2, pp. 152-158, 3 vols., Regensburg, 1862-79; O. Zockler, Askese und Monchtum, pp. 378-381, Frankfort, 1897; Helyot, Ordres monastiques, v. 30-34.
FRUCTUOSUS OF TARRAGONA: Bishop of Tarragona and martyr; d. about 259. Little is known concerning his life, except the events connected with his martyrdom, which is said to have taken place in 259, during the reign of Valerian and Gallienus. At the command of iEmilianus, the presiding judge, Fructuosus, with his two deacons, Augurius and Eulogius, was taken from prison to the amphitheater, where all three were burned to death. The festival of Fructuosus is celebrated by the Roman Church on Jan. 21, St. Agnes1 Day.
(O. Zockler|.)
Bibliography: Sources are: ASB, Jan., ii. 239-240; Prudentius, Perislephanon, hymn 6; E. Hiibner, Inscriptiones Hispanice Christiance, nos. 57-58, Berlin, 1871. Consult: Tillemont, Memoires, iv. 198, 645; P. D. Gams. Kirchengeschichte Spaniens, i. 265 sqq., Regensburg, 1862; DCB, ii. 571-572; KL, iv. 2066-2067.