THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
FRY, JACOB: Lutheran; b. at Trappe, Pa., Feb. 9, 1834. He was graduated at Union College in 1851 and the Lutheran Theological Seminary, Gettysburg, Pa., in 1853. He was pastor of the Lutheran Church at Carlisle, Pa., 1854-65, and of Trinity Lutheran Church, Reading, Pa., 1865-96. Since 1891 he has been professor of homiletics and sacred oratory in the Lutheran Theological Seminary, Philadelphia. He has written History of Trinity Lutheran Church of Reading, Pa. (Reading, Pa., 1894) and Elementar Homiletics (Philadelphia, 1897).
FUERST, f urst, JULIUS : German Jewish scholar and Orientalist; b. at Zerkow (35 m. s.e. of Posen) May 12, 1805; d. at Leipsic Feb. 9, 1873. He studied in Berlin, Breslau, and Halle (Ph.D., 1832), and became privat-docent in Leipsic. On the twenty-fifth anniversary of his services in this capacity he was appointed honorary professor by the Saxon government (1864). He was editor of Der Orient, which he founded in 1840, and of the Sabbathblatt, and translated Daniel and Ezra for L. Zunz's German Bible (Berlin, 1838) and wrote Lehrgebaude der aramaischen Idiome, oder Formenlehre der chaldaischen Grammatik (Leipsic, 1835); Haruze Peninim, Perlenschnilre aramdischer Gnomen und Lieder, oder aramaische Chrestomathie (1836); Ozer Leshon ha-Kodesh. Concordantia Librorum Veteris Testamenti sacrorum (in collaboration with Franz Delitzsch; 1837-40); Pirke Aboth, Die Spriiche der Vdter (1839); Hebraisches und chalddisches Schulworterbuch uber das Alte Testament (1842); Urkunden zur Geschichte der Juden, i. (1844); Cultur- und Litteraturgeschichte der Juden in Asien, i. (1849); Hebraisches und chaldaisches Handworterbuch uber das Alte Testament (2 vols., 1857-61; Eng. transl. by S. Davidson, London, 1865); Geschichte des Karaertums (3 vols., Leipsic, 1862-69); Bibliotheca Judaica (3 vols., 1863); Geschichte der biblischen Litteratur und des judisch-hellenistischen Schrifttums (2 vols., 1867-70); Der K anon des Alten Testaments nach den Ueberlieferungen in Talmud und Midrasch (1868); and Illustrierte Prachtbibel (1874), together with a translation of the Emunoth we-De'oth of Saadia Fayyumi (1845). Bibliography: KL, iv. 2081-82.
FULBERT, ful"bar', OF CHARTRES: An early French prelate and scholar; b. between 952 and 962; d. at Chartres Apr. 10, 1028. His birthplace is variously given as Aquitaine, the diocese of Laudun, and the town of Chartres. After studying under Gerbert (later, Pope Sylvester II.) at Reims, he opened a school at Chartres where, in addition to the ordinary studies of the Trivium and Quadrivium, he lectured on medicine and theology. In 1006 he was made bishop of Chartres, in which character he became of importance in the political and theological controversies of the time. He was notable especially for his vindication of the rights of the Church against the encroachments of the turbulent nobility. His writings include letters of the highest interest for the ecclesiastical and political history of France, sermons, poems, and devotional forms. Some of his letters touch on dogmatic questions, and declare with considerable
distinctness for the doctrine of transubstantiation. His significance lies in the services he rendered to the cause of the new thought which in his time was struggling into being. He continued the tradition of Gerbert, and, without evincing any marked creative ability, was eminently successful in handing down that tradition to distinguished pupils, among whom were Hugo of Langres, Adelmann and Berengar of Tours. His school at Chartres was, after Reims, " a second fertile nursery of learning, and not for France alone." He laid greater emphasis on the positive element in Gerbert's doctrine than on his dialectic and critical system, enjoining close adherence to the authority of the Fathers of the Church.
(F. NlTZSCHf.) Bibliography: The Epistolce are accessible in A. Duchesne, Histories Francorum scriptores, iv. 172-198, 5 vols., Paris 1639-49; in Bouquet, Recueil, x. 443-482, and in MPL, cxli., which contains the rest of his works. Consult: C. Pfister, De Fulberti . . vita el operibus, Nantes, 1885; Gallia Christiana, viii. 1744; Histoire litteraire de la France, vii. 261-262, Paris, 1746; Cartulaire de S. Pert de Chartres, ed. J. M. Que"rard, ib. 1840; H. Reuter. Geschichte der religiosen Aufklarung, i. 89-92, Berlin, 1875; K. Werner, Gerbert von Aurillac, pp. 273-286, Vienna, 1878; Wattenbach, DGQ, iii (1886), 130, 149; ii (1894), 165; Neander, Christian Church, iii. passim (contains selections from his writings); KL, iv. 2092-93.
FULCHER, fiil"she', (FOUCHER) OF CHARTRES
(Fulcherius Carnotensis) . A monk, b. at Chartres c. 1059; d. after 1127 He took part in the first crusade and became chaplain to Baldwin I., the second king of Jerusalem; according to some accounts he was afterward bishop of Tyre and patriarch of Jerusalem. Under the title Gesta Francorum Hierusalem peregrinantium, he wrote a valuable history of the Crusades from 1095 to 1127 (in MPL, civ. 823-940, and, with title Historia Hierosolymitana, in Recueil des historiens des croisades, Hist. Occid., iii., Paris, 1866, 311-485, cf. preface, xxvii-xxxvi.; French transl. in Guizot, Collection, xxiv. 1-275, cf. preface, i.-v.; Eng. transl. in Purchas' Pilgrims). (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: H. von Sybel, Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges, pp. 46-53, Leipsic, 1881; T. A. Archer and C. L. Kingsford, The Crusades, pp. 49-50, 55, 98-99, 135, 139- 140, 142, 170, 440; J. M. Ludlow, The Age of the Crusades, pp. 110-115, New York, 1896.
FULCO (FOULQUES) OF NEUILLY: French ecclesiastic, preacher of the fourth crusade; b. in the second half of the twelfth century; d. at Neuilly (2 m. w. of Paris), Mar., 1202. While still a young man he was placed in charge of the parish of Neuilly. His youth had been devoted to the pursuit of pleasure, rather than to the preparation for his calling, and he was now reproached by his parishioners for his ignorance and inexperience. In 1192 he reformed, gave up worldly pleasures, and set his people an example of the most rigorous asceticism and devotion to duty. He resumed his studies and walked to Paris every week-day to learn of Peter, the famous cantor of Notre Dame. Soon he had won the respect of his parishioners and made himself known far and wide as a fearless preacher. He even warned Richard the Lion-Hearted to banish from his household the vices of arrogance, cupidity, and luxury. In 1198 he was charged