THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
J. Gossmann, Beitrage zur Geschichte des Furstenthums Fulda, Fulda, 1S57; K. Arnd, Geschichte des Hochstifts Fulda, Frankfort, 1S62; J. Gegenbaur, Das Kloster Fulda im Karolinger Zeitalter, 2 parts. Fulda, 1871-73; A.Hartmann, Zeitgeschichte von Fulda, ib. 1895; E. Heydenreich, Das alteste Fuldaer Cartular im Staatsarchive zu Marburg, Leipsic, 1899; Die ersten Anfange der Bau- und Kunstthatigkeit des Klosters Fulda, Fulda, 1900; G. Richter, Quellen und Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Abtei Fulda, Fulda, 1904; KL, iv. 2100-13; Rettberg, KD, vol. i.; Hauck, KD, i. 564 sqq.; and the literature under Balthazar of Dkrnbach.
FULGENTIUS FERRANDUS: Deacon at Carthage; d. there before 547 He suffered banishment from Africa under the Vandal King Thrasamund and accompanied his friend and teacher, Fulgentius of Ruspe (q.v.), into exile to Sardinia, but returned to Africa in 52.3 and became deacon at Carthage. Nothing is known of his later life. Apart from an anonymously transmitted biography of Fulgentius of Ruspe (MPL, lxv. 117— 150), he left behind him several letters and circulars on dogmatic and ethical questions (MPL, lxvii. 887- 948). Best known, and of greatest interest as regards church history, is the circular addressed in 546 to the Roman deacons Pelagius and Anatolius on the occasion of the Three Chapter Controversy (q.v.). The title is, Pro epistula Ibce episcopi Edesseni adeoque de tribus capitulis concilii Chalcedonensis ad versus acephalos. Fulgentius expresses himself very positively against the contemplated condemnation of the Three Chapters; and he succeeded in confirming the African bishops in their opposition. There may still be mentioned, as of moment for the history of canon law, his Breviatio canonum (MPL, lxvii. 949-962), a compilation of the church regulations at that time operative in North Africa. G. Kruger.
Bibliography: The Letters of Fulgentius are collected in A. Mai, Scriptorum veterum nova collectio, iii. 2, pp. 169— 184, 10 vols., Rome, 1825-38; A. Reifferscheid, Anecdota Casinensia, pp. 5-7, Wratislaw, 1871-72; O. Bardenhewer, Patrologie, p. 544, Freiburg, 1901; DCB, ii. 583-584.
FULGENTIUS OF RUSPE: Bishop of Ruspe in the province of Byzacena, North Africa; b. at Telepte, North Africa, 468; d. at Ruspe Jan. 1, 533. He was born of a senatorial family, and on account of his good education and practical ability obtained at an early age the office of fiscal procurator, but, under the influence of Augustine's writings, he soon entered a cloister and subjected himself to the strictest asceticism. The persecutions of catholics under the Vandal King Thrasamund drove him from his home to Sicily and Rome about 500. On his return he became abbot of a small island cloister on the African coast, and in 508 (or 507) bishop of Ruspe. Scarcely had he entered upon his office when with other catholics he was banished from North Africa. With many of his fellow exiles, including his biographer, Fulgentius Ferrandus (q.v.), he settled at Cagliari, Sardinia, where he developed great practical and literary activity and became the recognized leader of the exiles in their efforts to effect their return to Africa. In 515 Thrasamund summoned him to a disputation that he had arranged between catholics and Arians, but Fulgentius, persisting in his conviction, had to return into exile. He was likewise drawn into the disputes of the Eastern Church by request of the t.o-
called Scythian monks (see Semi-Pelagianism Theopaschites). On the death of Thrasamund in 523 he returned to Ruspe and resumed the administration of his diocese, which he resigned a year before his death.
Fulgentius was one of the most influential champions of orthodoxy against Arianism and Semi-Pelagianism, to which he opposed the Augustinian doctrine, though avoiding, as far as possible, its subtleties and austerities. Of his numerous writings the most important are: Contra Arianos; Ad Thrasamundum regem Vandalorum libri iii; De remissione peccatorum ad Euthymium libri ii; Ad Monimum libri iii; De veritate pradestinationis et gratice dei ad Johannem et Venerium libri iii; De fide sire de regula verm fidei ad Petrum, his best-known and most valuable writing; and Liber de incarnatione et gratia domini nostri Jesu Christi, addressed to the Scythian monks, and also designated as Epist. (xvii.) ad Petrum diaconum. The best edition of the works of Fulgentius is that of L. Mangeant (Paris, 16S4; reprinted in MPL, lxv. 105-1018). G. Kruger.
Bibliography: O. Bardenhewer, Patrologie, pp. 544 sqq., Freiburg, 1901; F. Worter, Zur Dogmengeschichte des Semipelagianismus, Munster, 1900; Harnack, Dogma, v. 255 sqq., 293; DCB, ii. 576-583 (rather detailed); ASB, Jan., i. 32-45.
FULKE, WILLIAM: English Puritan; b. in London 1538; d. Aug. 28, 1589. He was educated at St. Paul's School, London, and at St. John's College, Cambridge (B.A., 1558; M.A, 1563; B.D., 1568; D.D., 1572). After studying law for six years at Clifford's Inn he returned to Cambridge to study theology. He was appointed fellow in 1564, principal lecturer of his college in 1565, and preacher and Hebrew lecturer in 1567. On his return to Cambridge he allied himself with Thomas Cartwright (q.v.), became a zealous champion of Puritanism and an opponent of Roman Catholicism. He took a prominent part in the vestiarian controversy, inducing about 300 students, at one time, to discard the surplice in the chapel of St. John's. This led to his expulsion, but he was soon restored to his fellowship. On being narrowly defeated for the headship of his college in 1569 he retired from the university and shortly afterward secured the livings of Warley in Essex, and Dennington in Suffolk. In 1572 he accompanied Lord Lincoln to France and was one of the friends who persuaded Cartwright to return to England. In 1578 he obtained the mastership of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, which he held till his death. He was also vicechancellor of the university in 1581. The same year he was deputed to hold a public disputation with Edmund Campion (q.v.) in the Tower of London, and in 1582 he was one of twenty-five theologians appointed to hold disputations with Roman Catholic priests and Jesuits. He was one of the ablest controversialists of his time. Of his numerous polemic writings, directed largely against the leaders of the Counterreformation in England, the most important are: T Stapleton and Martidl (Two Popish Heretics) Confuted (London, 15S0; ed. R. Gibbings for the Parker Society. Cambridge, 1848); 4 Defense of the Sincere and True Translations of the Holy Scriptures into the English Tongve,