THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
ed. J. E. B. Mayor, pp. 266, 678, Cambridge, 1869; G. Oliver, Lives of the Bishops of Exeter, pp. 150-151, London, 1861; DNB, xxi. 69-72.
GAUDENTIUS: Bishop of Brixia (the present Brescia); b. probably at Brixia c. 360; d. probably soon after 410. He was a pupil of Philastrius (q.v.) and may have been consecrated by him. He was absent on a journey to Jerusalem and Cappadocia when Philastrius died, and clergy and people unanimously chose him bishop and asked for his return. Gaudentius accepted the position reluctantly, entering on his duties about 387 Little is known of his' further activity. With two other deputies of the Emperor Honorius and of the Roman Bishop Innocent I. he went to Greece to intercede for Chrysostom (q.v.) before the Emperor Arcadius; the mission was unsuccessful, but Gaudentius won Chrysostom 's gratitude by his act of love. Gaudentius must have been still alive in 410, in which year Rutin us dedicated to him his translation of the Recognitiones of Clement.
Gaudentius wTrote a number of small treatises, among them ten sermons on Easter (c. 390), which are dedicated to a certain Benevolus who was prevented by sickness from attending service in the church. The first sermon is addressed to candidates for baptism and treats of the celebration of Easter on the basis of Ex. xii.; the others were delivered before baptized persons. Six of them treat of Christ, the true paschal lamb, and the Lord's Supper; the eighth and ninth, of the wedding-feast at Cana and virginity; the tenth, of Easter in particular and of Sunday in general. With these ten sermons go eleven addresses on miscellaneous subjects, and two letters. The addresses are plain and simple and by no means deficient in beautiful thoughts. Like his contemporaries he shows an inclination to allegorical interpretation of Scripture.
(K. LEIMBACHf.) Bibliography: An excellent edition of the sermons is by P. Gagliardi, Padua, 1720, reproduced essentially in MPL, xx. 827-1002. On the life of Gaudentius consult: ASB, Oct., xi. 587-604; MPL, xx. 791-826; G. Brunati, Leggendario o vite di santi Bresciani, pp. 73-104, Brescia, 1834; J. Nirschl, Lehrbuch der Patrologie und Patristik, ii. 488-493, Mainz, 1883.
GAULANITIS, ge"la-ni'tis : A district to the east of the Sea of Galilee and of the upper Jordan. According to Eusebius (Onomasticon, 242), the name is derived from Gaulon, the name of a large town, the Golan in Bashan of the Old Testament and the Gaulanaof Josephus (Ant. IV.,vii. 4). The name is used in Josephus with varying signification. Sometimes it is the equivalent of Bashan, though again he sets off from it the regions of Trachonitis and Batanea, thus restricting it to the district immediately bordering the Sea of Galilee and the Jordan. The last is the better usage. There is a division of the district into Upper and Lower Gaulnnitis. The boundaries are only in part distinguishable. The deep bed and abrupt banks of the Yarmuk are the fixed natural Names and southern limits. Equally certain is the
Extent. western boundary on the Sea of Galilee
and the Jordan, except that Hippo and
Paneas are not always reckoned as belonging to it.
The northern and eastern limits are uncertain,
except as marked on the north by the foot of Hermon. On the southeast the tributaries of the Yarmuk make a sharp demarcation in the plain, yet neither the Nahr al-Rukkad nor the Nahr al-AUan is recognized as the boundary From the fact that Saham al-Jaulan was once reckoned to this district, the boundaries must once have extended beyond the Nahr al-Allan, eastward, therefore, as far as the upper course of the Yarmuk. In Josephus (Life, 37) the modern Sulam (Seleima in the inscriptions; cf. Le Bas and Waddington, Inscriptions, iii. 543) at the foot of Jabal Hauran, and so the southern part of Batanea or Hauran, belonged to Gaulanitis, extending the district as far as the Lejjah, at least as a governmental province. Herod the Great drew 3,000 Idumeans and 600 Jews from Trachonitis and Batanea to check the Arab marauders.
The name enters history in the account by Josephus of the campaigns of Alexander Jannaeus (102- 76 B.C.), who conquered Golan, Seleucia, and Gamala from a certain Demetrius. Pompey (63 B.C.) assigned Golan to the province of Syria and left Hippo free (Ant. XIV., iv. 4; War, I., vii. 7). Under Augustus the district belonged to Herod
the Great, and after his death it went History. to the tetrarchy of his son Philip,
while Hippo was a part of the province of Syria. It belonged to the province of Syria during the period 34-37 a.d., and was then granted by Caligula to Agrippa I. (Ant. XVIII. , vi. 10), after whose death (44 a.d.) it was included in the general control of Palestine until in the year 53 it was granted by Claudius to Agrippa II., whose death caused it to return to the government of Syria.
Hippo lay at an elevation of 1,500 feet above the Sea of Galilee. The Talmud gives the Aramaic name as Susita, the Susiyah of the Arabic geographers, where are extensive ruins half an hour west of Fik in the lower Jaulan, Fik being the old Aphek, not far from Hippo (Eusebius, Onomasticon, 219, 91). The site of Hippo, however, lies one hour west of Fik. The inhabitants were largely Greeks. According to Josephus (Life, 9), the district belonging to the city was so extensive that it bordered upon the districts belonging to Gadara, Scythopolis, and Tiberias. About four miles to the north, on the bank of the Wadi al-Samak are some ruins, including the remains of a wall and a tower, called by the Arabs al-Sur (connected with kursi, " a seat "), recognized by many scholars as the site of the city of the Gerasenes, Gergesenes, or Gadarenes of Matt. viii. 28 sqq., Mark v. 1 sqq., and Luke viii. 26 sqq. (see Gerasenes). The investigations of W A. Neumann in the region lead him to see in Jabal Kurein Jaradi, the name of a hill to the north, the traces of the old place-name, which he would read Gerada, not Gadara. Not far from the entrance of
the Jordan into the sea lay the fishing
Principal village Bethsaida, built by Herod
Cities. Philip into a city and named Julias in
honor of Julia, daughter of Augustus. Pliny (Hist, not., V., xv. 71) locates it on the east coast. The fishing village is best placed at al-Araj, immediately on the sea, where the fishermen still land and dry their nets. Possibly the city is to