RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
G-etahard II Gedaliah
this half a year elapsed before the new elector's preponderating power achieved its purpose; first in the archdiocese, then also in Westphalia, one city and one castle after another slowly succumbed. Gebhard sought refuge in the Netherlands, and finally died at Strasburg in 1601. The battle over the electoral dignity and religious freedom was decided from 1584; by admission to the electoral college early in 1585, Ernest won for himself the legal recognition of the Empire.
Gebhard was impelled by no great idea, nor could he claim through virile activity the title to high striving ambition. He meant well, both at the outset as Roman Catholic and later as Protestant, but was wanting in depth and tenacity. His victorious adversary, personally, was not at all his superior. Ernest had pretty nearly the same good and evil traits, and lived a spiritual life just as little as his predecessor; " he is a great sinner, but you must cut your cloth to the figure," was the papal nuncio's remark of him. Again, Ernest's personality was almost indifferent as regards the result; he was carried to his position by the rising tide of the Counterreformation. Over Gebhard, who stood alone, the victory was the curia's, Bavaria's, and Spain's.
Now that the political task was accomplished, the ecclesiastical forces of the Counterreformation began to exert themselves; the Jesuits and the papal nuncios proceeded to invest their field. In the Rhenish districts of the diocese and in Westphalia, Protestantism was combated energetically; by the acquisition of Miinster, where Ernest was elected in 1585, and by the induction, 5. Progress under Bavarian influence, of trustof the worthy Roman Catholics into the epis-
Counter- copal sees of Osnabriick, Paderborn, reformation, and Minden, the possibility of a consolidated Roman Catholic Northwestern Germany appeared to be once again in the course of realization. However, the Protestant congregations everywhere struggled obstinately for their existence; in spite of all repression, they continually increased in Cologne toward the close of the sixteenth century; while the greatest obstacles to a complete reaction in the electorate at large inhered in the elector's personality. His worldly inclinations were so little amenable to the desires of the curia that even by 1588 the papal nuncio agitated the plan of a coadjutorship. When the administration and the finances fell into worse and worse decline, and the elector by his ardor for the chase and his worldly dress, his evasion of the commandments of the Church, and his frivolous life caused sharper and sharper vexation, the installation of a coadjutor was prosecuted with earnestness. In Apr., 1595, with the elector's consent, his nephew Duke Ferdinand of Bavaria was elected to that office. The liquidation of accumulated debts was now undertaken, and a visitation, with ecclesiastical reforms, of the entire archdiocese was accomplished.
But even though the electorate of Cologne and the neighboring episcopal provinces were securely annexed once more to the Roman Church, the attempt again to subject to the Roman Church the
entire Northwest of Germany did not succeed; for not only did the Netherland provinces, victorious in their battle with Spain, form a strong Protestant counterpoise, but also in the Juliers- Cleves districts, the Protestant congregations maintained themselves notwithstanding limitations; indeed, they continually increased, insomuch that in Cleves and in the Mark they actually held the preponderance, and in 1609, when Brandenburg and Pfalz-Neuburg assumed possession of the territories of the house of Juliers, the time of complete liberty was at hand for them.
Walter Goetz.
Bibliography: L. Ennen, Geschichte der Stadt Koln, vol. v., Cologne, 1880; M. Lossen, Der kolnische Krieg. Gotha, 1882; M. Philippson, La C ' ontre-Revolution religieuse au xvi. siecle, Brussels, 1884; L. Keller, Die Gegenrelormation in Westfalen, vol. ii., Leipsic, 1887; Unkel, in Historisches Jahrbuch, vols, viii., x., Munich, 1887, 1889; J. Hansen, Nuntiaturberichte aus Deutschland, vol. iii., parts 1-2, Gotha, 1892-94; idem, Rheinische Ahten zur Geschichte des Jesuitenordens, 1542-82, ib. 1896; G. Wolf. Aus Kurkoln im IS. Jdhrhundert, Berlin, 1905.
GEBHARDT, OSKAR LEOPOLD VON: German Lutheran; b. at Wesenberg (150 m. s.e. of St. Petersburg) June 22, 1844; d. at Leipsic May 10, 1906. He studied at Dorpat, Tubingen, Gottingen, and Leipsic and was assistant in the library of Leipsic University 1875-76, custodian and sublibrarian of the University of Halle 1876-80, librarian of the University of Gottingen 1880-84. librarian of the Royal Library, Berlin, 1884-91, and divisional director of the same institution 1891-93. From 1893 until his death he was director of the library of the University of Leipsic. He wrote or edited Grascus Venetus. (Leipsic, 1875); Patrum Apostolicorum opera (3 vols., 1875-77, in collaboration with A. Harnack and T. Zahn; editio minor, 1877); Evangeliorum codex Grcecus purpureus Rossanensis (1880; in collaboration with A. Harnack); Das Neue Testament griechisch nach Tischendorfs letzer Recension und deutsch nach dem revidierten Luthertext (1881); Novum Testamentum Greece, recensionis Tischendor fiance ultima textus cum Tregellesiano et Wescottiano-Hortiano collatus (1881); The Miniatures of the Ashburnam Pentateuch (London, 1883); and Acta martyrum selecta (Berlin, 1902). He was likewise the editor of the eleventh to the sixteenth edition of W Theile's Novum Testamentum Greece (Leipsic, 1875- 1900), while with A. Harnack he established and edited the valuable Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur (1882 sqq.), to which he himself contributed a number of monographs. Bibliography: A memorial sketch is found in the Zentral-
blatt fur Bibliothekswesen, June, 1906.
GEDALIAH, ged"a-lai'a: Son of Ahikam and grandson of Shaphan, and protector of Jeremiah from the people who sought to kill him because of his pred'etions against Jerusalem (Jer. xl. 5-8, xlm. 6). He was appointed by Nebuchadrezzar governor of Judea after the fall of Jerusalem, in accordance with the custom of Eastern monarchs to leave the government of subjected lands in charge of distinguished individuals of the conquered races. The selection of Gedaliah for this position may have
Oedaliah G-eibel