THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
erable influence outside the Reformed congregation. With several prominent men of Lubeck he founded a Bible Society and a Missionary Association; and in his own house he held Bible lectures and discussions. In the interest of his congregation he published various catechetical works, but only a few of his sermons appeared in print. With the Hessian philosopher Suabedissen, Geibel established a school for his congregation which existed for six years. He also served his community by arranging (1824) the system of worship still in existence, and by the introduction (1832) of the first satisfactory hymn-book of modern times. Of his published works may be mentioned Priifet Alles und behaltet das Gute (Hamburg, 1818), five sermons " in behalf of Evangelical liberty and truth"; and Wiederherstellung der ersten christlichen Gemeinde, von Philalethes (1840).
GEIGER, gai'ger, ABRAHAM: German Jewish scholar and theologian; b. at Frankfort May 24, 1810; d. at Berlin Oct. 23, 1874. He studied philosophy and Oriental languages at Heidelberg and Bonn and in 1832 became rabbi at Wiesbaden. In the interest of the reform movement in Judaism with other scholars, he established the Zeitschrift fiir judische Thcologie in 1835. In 1838 he accepted a call to Breslau as associate rabbi, though he had to defend himself against the opposition of the orthodox party. Here he founded in 1862 the Jiidische Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaft und Leben (11 vols., Breslau, 1862-74), which was written almost entirely by himself. He was rabbi at Frankfort from 1863 to 1870, when he became rabbi at Berlin and professor in the newly established " Lehranstalt fur die Wissenschaft des Judentums." Geiger was one of the pioneers of the reform of Judaism, insisting upon a liberal interpretation in the construction and observance of the traditional Jewish law. Of his numerous writings the most important are: Was hat Mohammed aus dem Judentum aufgenommen ? (Bonn, 1833; new ed., Leipsic, 1902),, a prize essay on the Jewish sources of the Koran; Urschrift und Uebersetzur.gen der Bibel in ihrer Abhangigkeit von der innern Entwickelung des Judentums (Breslau, 1857); Die Sadducaer und Pharisder (1863); and Das Judentum und seine Geschichte (3 vols., 1864-71; Eng. transl., Judaism and its History, vol. i., New York and London, 1866). His son Ludwig Geiger edited his Nachgelassene Schriften (5 vols., Berlin, 1875-78).
Bibliography: A memoir by his son Ludwig, A. Geiger, Leben und Brief e, is in the Nachgelassene Schriften, vol. v., ut sup.; E. Schreiber, A. Geiger als Beformator des Judenthums, Lobau, 1880; JE, v. 584-587.
GEIGER, FRANZ TIBURTIUS: Roman Catholic; b. at Harting, near Regensburg, May 16, 1755; d. at Lucerne May 8, 1843. He studied under the Jesuits in Regensburg and the Benedictines at St. Emmeran. la 1772 he became a novice in the Franciscan order at Lucerne. The next year he returned to Regensburg and he studied theology in Wiirzburg. He was successively teacher of Hebrew in Regensburg, privat-docent of poetry and rhetoric in Offenburg, professor of philosophy at Freiburg in Switzerland, and cathedral preacher
and professor of theology in the school of his order at Solothurn. In 1792 he was appointed professor of theology at Lucerne, the seat of the papal nuncio, and the center of Roman Catholic Switzerland. He was opposed here on account of his original method, which was not in sympathy with scholasticism, and because in the doctrine of grace he did not follow the Jesuits. He was even accused in Rome, but the papal court took care to keep so efficient a worker.
As Theologus nuntiatura he rendered important services to the Roman Catholic Church. He directed far-reaching ultramontanist plans and stood in connection with the most important leaders of the party. In his doctrines, sermons, negotiations, and treatises he concentrated all his energies to enliven the Roman consciousness, to make Switzerland the bulwark of ultramontanism, and to frustrate the efforts of political and religious liberalism. " Without pope, no Church " was for him as much an axiom as " Without revelation, no religion. ' ' He attacked freemasonry especially, and in 1819 his opponents succeeded in removing him from his chair, thereby making him a martyr and increasing his influence. His numerous polemical treatises, notwithstanding the effect they produced, have no scholarly value. (Emil Egli.)
Bibliography: The works of Geiger were collected and published by Prof. Widmer, 8 vols., Lucerne, 1824-39who published also Franz Geiger, . Laute aus seinem Leben, ib. 1843. Consult also KL, v. 186-188.
GEIKIE, gi"ki', JOHN CUNNINGHAM: Church of England; b. at Edinburgh Oct. 26, 1824; d. at Bournemouth (25 m. s.w. of Southampton), Hampshire, Apr. 1, 1906. He studied at Queen's College, Toronto, and was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in 1848. He was pastor of the Argyle Street" Presbyterian Church, Halifax, N. S., 1851- 1854, of the Argyle Street Chapel, Sunderland, England, 1860-67, and of Islington Chapel, London, 1867-73. He then entered the Church of England and was ordered deacon in 1876 and ordained priest in 1877. He was curate of St. Peter's, Dulwich, 1876-79, rector of Christ's Church, Neuilly, Paris, 1879-81, vicar of St. Mary's, Barnstaple, 1882-85, and vicar of St. Martin-a-t- Palace, Norwich, 1885-90. In 1890 he retired from the active service of the Church. In theology he adhered to the Evangelical school of the Church of England, but maintained the right to full investigation of all religious problems. He wrote Georg». Stanley : or, Life in the Woods (London, 1864); Life: A Book for a Quiet Hour (1868); Light from Beyond to Cheer the Christian Pilgrim (1872); The Life and Words of Christ (1877); Old Testament Portraits (1878); The English Reformation (1879), Entering on Life (1879); Hours with the Bibk (12 vols., 1880-1897); The Holy Land and the Bibk (1887); Short Life of Christ for Old and Young (1888); Landmarks of Old Testament History (1895), and The Vicar and his Friends (1901).
GEIL, WILLIAM EDGAR: Baptist layman; b. near Doylestown, Pa., Oct. 1, 1865. He wa» graduated at Lafayette College in 1890 and in 1896 spent six months in an archeological tour of Asia