THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
ment, completed " (p. 370). After glorification he lives in the body, " mediates all his world work, even his triune relationship, through his body. Nay more, even his soul's life itself maintains the impress that was stamped upon it by his earthly career; his holiness, his love, his mercy, though divine, is at the same time accounted human " (p. 411).
Of the minor works of Gess, the Bibelstunden on the last discourses of Jesus (Basel, 1871) reached a fifth edition in 1894, and those on the Epistle to the Romans (2 vols., 1885-88) a second edition in 1892. He also published several volumes of lectures. Wilhelm Schmidt.
GETHSEMANE. See Jerusalem, V., § 5.
GEZELIUS, ge-ze'li-xrs, JOHANNES: The name of two bishops of Abo, Finland.
1 . Johannes Gezelius the Elder was born at Romfertuna, Westmanland, Sweden, 1615; d. 1690. He studied at Dorpat from 1632 and became professor of Greek and Hebrew there in 1641. As such he lectured diligently and published text-books of which there was a great need at that time. About 1649 he became provost at Skedevi in Oestergotland, Sweden, where he devoted himself with diligence to the service of the congregation, and also gathered students around him and held lectures. On the recommendation of Count M. G. de le Gardie he was appointed general superintendent in Livonia and vice-chancellor of the University of Dorpat. Owing to his energy and efficiency, he was made bishop in Abo in 1664, where he found his real life-work. He was intent upon raising the standard of education among the Finnish preachers, required a theological examination of all who intended to enter the ministry, and ordered all preachers to introduce church registers with the names of all church-members. Of people who intended to marry, he required a knowledge of Luther's catechism. Every family was to be provided with a hymn-book, a book of prayer and meditations. He exerted himself to teach his people to read, and paid much attention to the education of children. He had his own printing establishment in which most of the Finnish publications of the time were printed. He showed impatience of the opinions of others, however, and his reluctance to grant liberty of conscience to Pietists is not free from blame. He published many text-books, and one on the Greek language (1647) was much used. For his preachers he published a Fasciculus homileticarum dispositionum annis circiter XXVII seorsim editarum (1693) and Casuum conscientice et prcecipuorum qumstionum practicarum decisiones (.1689). He also started a great work on the Bible which was continued by his son.
2. Johannes Gezelius the Younger, son of the former, was born in 1647; d. 1718. He entered the university in 1661. In 1670 he received a royal stipend to go abroad for the completion of his studies, and visited Germany, Holland, England, and France. Immediately after his return, he was appointed professor extraordinary in the University of Abo. In 1681 he became superintendent in In-
germanland. In 1689 his aged father called him back to Abo to be his assistant, and the next year he became his successor. He faithfully continued his father's labors and devoted much time to the great work on the Bible; but he also was not able to finish it. The New Testament appeared during his lifetime (1711-13), the Old Testament after his death (1724-28). In 1711 he fled before the invading Russians to Stockholm, where he remained until his death. His attitude toward the Pietists was as haughty and intolerant as that of his father.
(J. A. Cederberg.)
GEZER, gi'zer.
Documentary History (§1). Excavations; the Troglodytic Period (§ 2). Semitic Period to the Exile (§ 3). Syro-Greek Period (§ 4). Results of Excavation (§ 5).
The city of Gezer, known from the Old Testament as a stronghold of the Canaanites or frontier fortress of the Philistines, has acquired no slight interest at present owing to the thorough and scientific excavations, covering about half the area, carried on there during 1902-05 by R. A. S. Macalister for the Palestine Exploration Fund. It is the modern Tel-Jezar, 18 m. w. in a direct line from Jerusalem, 20 m. s.e. of Jaffa, to the north of the railroad, near the foot of the hills which border the extreme northeast of the Plain of Philistia. The name is in the list of names of places in Palestine left by Thothmes III. at Karnak (c. 1500 b.c.) as held by him under an Egyptian governor. In the Amarna Tablets it figures frequently, part of the time as loyal and furnishing provisions to Jerusalem (then a city asserting its fidelity to the Egyptians), later as among the enei. Docu- mies of Ebed-tob, king of Jerusalem, mentary and unfaithful to the Egyptian over- History, lord. The inscription of the Pharaoh Meneptah (c. 1280 b.c.) mentions the city, though the meaning of the inscription is not clear in this part, since it has been rendered as saying that Gezer was captured by the Egyptians, and on the other hand that it was taken by the Ashkelonites. According to Josh. x. 33, xii. 2, its king and people were defeated by Joshua, and the city itself was assigned (theoretically) to Ephraim (Josh. xvi. 3) and to the Kohathite Levites (Josh, xxi. 21), though it was not captured by the Hebrews but became tributary to them (Josh. xvi. 10; Judges i. 29). In II Sam. v. 25 it appears as the limit of David's pursuit of the Philistines. According to I Kings ix. 15-16 it figures as the conquest of a Pharaoh who assigned it to his daughter, the consort of Solomon. Solomon strengthened its fortifications and it became an important fortress, commanding one of the principal routes from the coast to Jerusalem. Because of this fact it was in Maccabean times, under the name Gazara, the object of constant struggle between the Syrians and Maccabees (I Mace. iv. 15, vii. 45, ix. 52, xiii. 43, 53, xiv. 7, 34, xv. 28; II Mace. x. 32). It is the Mont Gisart of the period of the Crusades, where Baldwin V gained the victory over Saladin in 1177. Its site was identified by C. Clermont-Ganneau in 1873,