THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
the Church that it was not to be expected that he would throw the mantle of charity over the foibles and failings of churchmen. In regard to the famous fifteenth and sixteenth chapters, which relate to the rise and spread of Christianity, wherein its success is explained by reference to secondary causes, and the severity of its early trials declared to have been overestimated, it may be remarked that Gibbon himself admitted that his array of secondary causes left the question of the divine origin of Christianity untouched; and, now that the smoke of the battle against this portion of the history has cleared away, church historians allow the substantial justness of ills main positions. In Gibbon's lifetime the work was translated into German, French, and Italian. It has also been translated, in part, into Magyar, modern Greek, Polish, and Russian. Bibliography: Besides the Memoirs and Private Letters, ut sup., consult the biography by J. C. Morison, in English Men of Letters, London, 1878; that by S. Walpole, Studies in Biography, New York, 1907; and DNB, xxi. 250-256.
GIBBONS, JAMES: Cardinal; b. at Baltimore, Md., July 23, 1834. He received his early education in Ireland, but returned to the United States in 1851, and lived for several years in New Orleans. He studied at St. Charles' College, Ellicott City, Md. (1855-57), and at St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore (1857-61). He was ordained priest in 1861, and after being assistant at St. Patrick's, Baltimore, for a few months, was appointed rector of St. Bridget's, Canton (a suburb of Baltimore), where he remained until 1865. He was private secretary to Archbishop Spalding 1865-68, and was also chancellor of the archdiocese 1866-68. He was assistant chancellor of the Second Plenary Council of the American Roman Catholic Church held at Baltimore in 1866, and in 1868 was consecrated titular bishop of Adramytum and appointed vicar apostolic of North Carolina. In 1872 he was translated to the see of Richmond, Va., and after five years became archbishop coadjutor with right of succession to Archbishop Bailey of Baltimore. Five months later he succeeded to the see, thus becoming the primate of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States. He presided over the Third Plenary Council at Baltimore in 1884, and two years later was created cardinal. On account of his advancing years, Bishop Curtis, formerly of Wilmington, Del., was appointed to assist him in 1896. He has written The Faith of our Fathers (New York, 1871); Our Christian Heritage (Baltimore, Md., 1889); and The Ambassador of Christ (1896).
GIBERTI, ji-bar'ti, GIOVANNI MATTEO: A
reforming prelate of the sixteenth century; b. at Palermo 1495; d. at Verona Dec. 30, 1543. Being appointed by Clement VII. apostolic datary, he became a member of the Oratory of Divine Love at Rome. In 1524 he was made bishop of Verona, but he did not enter upon his episcopal duties until 1528. He endeavored to raise the educational and moral standard of the clergy and to enforce the discipline of the religious orders. In the work Constitutiones ecclesiastical and in various treatises, ordinances, and letters, he proposed far-reaching
measures of reform. But he was obstinately opposed by both the secular clergy and the religious orders; and the famous Concilium de emendanda ecclesia (1537), in whose authorship, besides Contarini and Caraffa, Giberti was also concerned, produced no result. After entering upon his episcopal duties, Giberti had one more important commission outside his diocese, going to the Colloquy of Worms (1540) as papal legate. It was intended that he should act in a similar capacity at the Council of Trent, but his sudden death prevented this. His works were published in Verona 1733, 1740; his official correspondence in Guicciardini, Opere inedite, iv., v (Florence, 1863). K. Benrath.
Bibliography: A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, vol. iii., part 2, passim, Berlin, 1870; Dittrich, in Historisches Jahrbuch der Gorres-Gesellschaft, vi (1886), 1-50; Creighton, Papacy, vi. 278-291, 308-309.
GIBSON, EDGAR CHARLES SUMNER: Bishop of Gloucester; b. at Southampton Jan. 23, 1848. He studied at Trinity College, Oxford (B.A., 1870), and Wells Theological College (1871-72), and was ordained priest in 1872. He was chaplain of Wells Theological College 1871-74, vice-principal of the same institution and curate of Binder 1874-76, lecturer at Leeds Clergy School 1876-80, principal of Wells Theological College 1880-95, and vicar and rural dean of Leeds 1895-1905. In 1905 he was consecrated bishop of Gloucester. He was also prebendary of Wells Cathedral 1880-1905, lecturer on pastoral theology at Cambridge 1893-94, select preacher at Oxford 1893-95, examining chaplain to the bishop of Bath and Wells 1894-1904, honorary chaplain to Queen Victoria 1901, chaplain in ordinary to King Edward VII. 1901-05, Warburton Lecturer of Lincoln's Inn 1903, and a member of the Royal Commission on Ecclesiastical Discipline and commissary to the bishops of North China and Shan-tung 1904. In theology he is a liberal Highchurchman. He has written Northumbrian Saints (London, 1884); Commentary on St. James in The Pulpit Commentary (1886); Self-Discipline (1894); The Thirty-Nine Articles Explained (2 vols., 1896- 1897); Commentary on the Book of Job (1898;) John Howard (1901); and Messages from the Old Testament (1904). He also translated the works of Cassianus for the Nicene and Post-Nicene Library (Edinburgh, 1894) and edited George Herbert's Temple (London, 1899).
GIBSON, EDMUND: Bishop of London; b. at Bampton (24 m. s.s.e. of Carlisle), Westmoreland, Dec, 1669; d. at Bath Sept. 6, 1748. He was educated at Queen's College, Oxford (B.A., 1691; M.A., 1694), where he was given a fellowship. His early interest in Anglo-Saxon and British antiquities led to a friendship with Archbishop Tenison, who made him his domestic chaplain and got him the librarianship at Lambeth. Through Tenison's influence Gibson became lecturer at St. Martin 's-in-the-Fields, rector of Stisted in Essex (1700), and rector of Lambeth (1703). He sided with Tenison in the controversy between the two houses of convocation and within three years published ten tracts in support of the upper house. He became archdeacon of Surrey in 1710, bishop of