THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
tricable tangle of the most heterogeneous tendencies and strivings, there lurked many a sublime invention. The reader of the Books of Jeu, to be sure, is not prepared by their introductory strain of beautiful praise for the living Jesus to be plunged afterward into that ocean of barren formulas in magic, the bulk of their contents. On the other hand, the reader who lays aside the Naassenian Hymn without feeling its inward hold on him, may well begin to ask himself, does he know what religion is ? Athwart the transparent envelop of Valentine's wonderful cosmic poem may be caught gleams of the loftiest and profoundest ideas in a very noble setting. G. Khugee.
Bibliography: For the extant literature of the Gnostics consult: the edition of Irenseus by A. Stieren, i. 901— 971, Leipsic, 1853; the Pistis Sophia, ed. M. G. Schwartze and J. H. Petermann, Gotha, 1851-53 (Coptic and Latin), cf. the Fr. transl. by E. Amelineau, Paris, 1895, Eng. transl., mentioned above in § 3; Codex Brucianus, ed. C. Schmidt in TU, vii. 1-2 (1892); idem, in SBA, 1896, pp. 839-847; Harnack, Geschichte, i. 143- 201; idem, Zur Quellenkritih des Gnosticismus, Leipsic, 1873, and cf.: G. Volkmar, Die Quellen der Ketzergeschichte bis zum Nicanum, Leipsic, 1855; R. A. Lipsius, Zur Quellenkritik des Epiphanios, Vienna, 1865; H. Stahelin, Die gnostischen Quellen Hippolyts, in TU, vi. 3 (1891); J. Kunze, De historian gnosticismi fontibus, Leipsic, 1894.
On the system in general the fullest discussion is still J. Matter, Hist, critique du gnosticisme, 3 vols., Paris, 1843-44. Consult further: A. Neander, Genetische Entwickelung der vornehmsten gnostischen Systeme, Berlin, 1818; idem, Christian Church, consult Index; E. Burton, Heresies of the Apostolic Age, Oxford, 1829; J. A. Mohler, Der Ursprung des Gnosticismus, Tubingen, 1831; F. C. Baur, Die christliche Gnosis oder die christliche Religionsphilosophie, ib. 1835; R. Massuet, in Stieren's Irenceus, ut sup., ii. 54 sqq.; R. A. Lipsius, Der Gnosticismus, Leipsic, 1860; W. Mohler, Geschichte der Kosmologie in der griechischen Kirche, Halle, 1860; E. Amelineau, Essai sur le gnosticisme egyptien, Paris, 1866; T. Mansel, The Gnostic Heresies of the First and Second Centuries, London, 1875; J. B. Lightfoot, in his Commentary on Colossians, ib. 1879; M. Joel, Blicke in die Religionsgeschichte, i. 114-170, Breslau, 1880; G. Koffmane, Die Gnosis nach ihrer Tendenz und Organisation, ib. 188J.; A. Hilgenfeld, Die Ketzergeschichte des Vrchristentums, Leipsic, 1884; C. W. King, The Gnostics and their Remains, London, 1887; A. Dieterich, Abraxas. Studien zur Religionsgeschichte des spateren Altertums, Leipsic, 1891; G. Anrich, Das antike Mysterienwesen, Gottingen, 1894; A. Harnack, Untersuchungen uber das gnostische Buch Pistis-Sophia, in TU, vii. 2 (1891); idem, Dogma, passim, consult Index; H. Gunkel, Schbpfung und Chaos, Gottingen, 1895; G. Wobbermin, Religionsgeschichtliche Studien zur Frage der Beeinfiussung des Vrchristentums durch das antike Mysterienwesen, Berlin, 1896; W. Anz, in TU, xv. 4 (1897); M. Friedlander, Der vorchristliche
judische Gnosticismus, Gottingen, 1898; G. R. &. Mead, Fragments of a Faith Forgotten; Sketches among the Gnostics of the first two Centuries, London, 1900; E. H. Schmitt, Die Gnosis. Grundlagen der Weltanschauung einer edleren Kultur, Leipsic, 1903; E. Preuschin, Zwei gnostische Hymnen, Giessen, 1904; R. Reitzenstein, Poimandres, Leipsic, 1904; E. Bischoff, Im Reiche der Gnosis; die mystischen Lehren des judischen und chriiU lichen Gnosticismus, Mandaismus und Manichaitmus und ihr babylonisch-astraler Ursprung, ib. 1906; W. Bousset, Hauptprobleme der Gnosis, Gottingen, 1907; E. Buonaiuti, LoGnosticismo, Rome, 1907; DCB, ii. 678-687; KL, v. 765-^ 775; the literature under the articles named in the first paragraph of this article, the text-books and treatises on the church history of the period, and the works on the history of dogma.
GOA, ARCHBISHOPRIC OF: A metropolitan see in Portuguese India, founded in 1534 by Paul III. The first bishop was the Franciscan Joaoj Albuquerque, consecrated in 1537 After the ex-; tension of Christianity by the labors of St. Francis Xavier (q.v.), who landed at Goa in 1542, Paul III. raised the see to metropolitan rank in 1557, assigning to it as suffragan bishoprics Cochin, Malacca, and Macao, the last-named including the oversight! of the Chinese and, from 1576, the Japanese missions. About 1570, three-fourths of the 200,000 ! inhabitants of the city were Christians. The increasing conquests of the Dutch diminished the importance of the city, and in 1753, in consequence; of a plague, the residence of the Portuguese viceroy was removed to New Goa or Panjim (5 m. to the westward), which became the seat of government in 1845. The ancient city is now little but ruins, with few inhabitants; its most remarkable remaining monuments are the churches, of which that containing the body of St. Francis Xavier is a place of pilgrimage for the Roman Catholics of all India. The later history of the mission which was once so flourishing is an unhappy one. In the seventeenth century the Portuguese government, relying on the right of patronage originally conceded by the pope, made claims which could not be admitted, and on their rejection deliberately organized a schism which maintained its existence for over two hundred years, the consequences of which are not yet effaced.
Bibliography: J. A. E. de Silva, Catholic Church in India, Bombay, 1885; C. Dellon, Hist, of the Inquisition at Goa, London, 1748; Life of Bishop Hartmann, Calcutta, 1868; J. P. Kirsch and V. Luksch, Illustrierte Geschichte der katholischen Kirche, pp. 493, 547, 577, 601, Munich, 1905; KL, v. 775-780.