THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
The latest use of the word applies to those insertions which, in the course of the transmission of the text, have crept into the body of a work. They arise from the inclusion by a copyist of material which he found written between the lines or on the
margin. This often occurs with set
5. Modern design though without evil purpose on
Use in the part of the copyist and also
Biblical through his mistake. The result,
Criticism, however, often is that it is impossible
to discover whether a corruption of the text occurs through an intended improvement or through importation of a marginal note. Corrections of this sort are found in the text of the original languages of the Bible, since the more a book is used and copied, the more likely are such corrections. This is the case with the Hebrew text. A means of detection is often the comparison of two or more translations (cf. Wellhausen's edition of Bleek's Einleitung in das Alte Testament, Berlin, 1893, § 269; F. Buhl, Kanon und Text des Alten Testaments, Leipsic, 1891, p. 257, Eng. transl., London, 1892; and for the New Testament cf. E. Reuss, Geschichte der heiligen Schriften des Neuen Testaments, Brunswick, 1874, § 359, Eng. transl., 2 vols., Boston, 1874). In similar fashion the old versions were corrupted by the incorporation of glosses. This is the case with the manuscript of the Septuagint in spite of the criticism of such men as Origen, Lucian, and Hesychius, and of the Vulgate (cf. Z. Frankel, Vorstudien zu der Septuaginta, Leipsic, 1841, §§ 11 sqq.; F. Kaulen, Geschichte der Vulgata, Mainz, 1868, pp. 212 sqq., 266). For the marginal notes and references of English Bibles, which are of the nature of glosses, see Bibles, Annotated, and Bible Summaries, II.
Bibliography: Fabricius-Harles, Bibliotheca Grceca, vol. vi. passim, Hamburg, 1798; J. G. Rosenmuller, Historia interpretationis sacrorum librorum, iv. 356 sqq., Leipsic, 1795; C. G. Wilke, Hermeneutik des Neuen Testaments, ii. 192 sqq., Leipsic, 1844; K. Godeke, Geschichte der deutschen Dichtung, i.. § 13, Dresden, 1862; J. A. U. Scheler, Lexicographie latine, Leipsic, 1867; E. Steinmeyer and E. Sievers, AUhochdeutsche Glossen, i.-iv., Berlin, 1879-98; P. Piper, Literaturgeschichte und Grammatik der Althochdeutschen, pp. 35 sqq., Paderborn, 1880; T. Birt, Antike Buchwesen, Berlin, 1882; H. P. Junker, Grundriss der franzosischen Litteratur, pp. 15 sqq., Miinster, 1889; F. Blass, Hermeneutik und Kritik, Munich, 1892; U. Wattenbach, Schriftwesen im Mittelalter, Leipsic, 1896; Krumbacher, Geschichte, §§ 154, 216, 232 sqq.; KL, v. 708-716; and the works on introduction to the Old and the New Testament.
GLOSSES AND GLOSSATORS OF CANON LAW:
Terms applied to the commentaries and commentators upon canon law. The pattern for a treatment of canon law and of the collections which contain it was given about the beginning of the twelfth century in the Bologna school of Roman law among the so-called " Legists," where in the second half of that century lectures were delivered on the work of Gratian, author of the first part of the Corpus juris canonici, the Decretum (see Canon Law, II., § 7). Alongside the Legists thus arose schools of Canonists, Decretists, and Decretalists. The resulting literary activity busied itself in glosses or short explanations first of words and phrases, later of the subject-matter of the sources of canon law, which glosses were either interlinear or marginal.
The books of law were supplied with abstracts (summce), illustrations (casus) and rules (notabUia brocarda). The usefulness of these earlier glosses and their continuous employment tended to pro- • duce still others until at length a comprehensive and rich body of comment developed which became digested into the Apparatus, lecturce, commentarii of the period subsequent to 1400. Among the glossators on the work of Gratian were his pupil Paucapalea, Rolandus Bandinelli (afterward Pope Alexander III., 1159-81), Rufinus, Stephen of Tournay (d. 1203), Johannes Faventinus, bishop of Faenza (1160-90), Sicard, bishop of Cremona (1185- 1215), and Johannes Teutonicus (d. 1245 or 1246). The work of the last-named, which depends upon the labors of his predecessors, is the Glossa ordinaria (c. 1215) to the Decreta. The glossa ordinaria of the collection of decretals of Gregory IX. originated with Bernard of Botone, professor and chancellor of Bologna, who used the labors of Vincent of Spain (c. 1240), Gottfried of Trani (d. 1245), and Sinibaldus Friscus, later Pope Innocent IV. Among the glossators of the Liber sextus was Johann Andrea, whose work is the glossa ordinaria upon the Liber sextus; he also made the glossa ordinaria to the Clementina. Inasmuch as the work of these men brought about reciprocal activity between the Church and the school, their results have not merely a literary interest, but a practical one, and they are of importance for the history of canon law.
(P. HlNSCHIUSf.) Bibliography: M. Sarti and M. Fattorini, De claris archigymnasii Bononiensis professoribus, ed. C. Albicinius and C. Malagola, Bonona, 1888-96; F. C. von Savigny, Geschichte des rom,ischen Rechts im Mittelalter, vols, iii.vii., Heidelberg, 1843-51; J. F. von Schulte, Geschichte der Quellen und Literatur des canonischen Rechts, vols, i.-ii., Stuttgart, 1875-77; R. Ritter von Scherer, Handbuch des Kirchenrechts, i. 254, Graz, 1886; KL, v. 716-717.
GLYN, EDWARD CARR: Church of England, bishop of Peterborough; b. at London Nov. 21, 1843. He was educated at Harrow School and University College, Oxford (B.A., 1867), and was ordained priest in the following year. He was curate of Doncaster under C. J. Vaughan in 1S6S- 1871, vicar of St. Mary's, Beverley, in 1872-75, vicar of Doncaster in 1875-78, and vicar of Kensington in 1878-97, as well as rural dean in 1881-97. In the latter year he was consecrated bishopj of Peterborough. He was also chaplain to the archbishop of York in 1877-93, honorary chaplahv.to Queen Victoria in 1881-84, and chaplain in ordii, (.ry 1884-97 His literary activity has been restri; ,ed to individual sermons and pamphlets.
GNAPHEUS, GULIELMUS. See Fullonius, Gtjlielmus.