THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
(1S76-77; Ph.D., 1880), and Berlin (1877-78), and became priva1>docent at the lasl^named university in 1884. Two years later he was appointed associate professor of New Testament exegesis at Halle, whence he went to Kiel in 1888 as full professor of the same subject. Since 1890 he has been professor at Bonn, and has written Ueber Veranlassung und Zweck des Romerbriefs (Freiburg, 1881); Die paulinische Lehre vom Gesetz (1884); and Die Stellung und Bedeutung des Jakobusbriefes in der Entwicklung des Urchristerdums (Tubingen, 1904).
GRAFTON, CHARLES CHAPMAN: Protestant Episcopal bishop of Fond du Lac; b. at Boston Apr. 12, 1830. He studied theology under Bishop W. R. Whittingham of Maryland, and was ordered deacon in 1855 and ordained priest three years later. He was assistant at Reisterstown, Md., and a city missionary in Baltimore, Md., from 1855 to 1858, and curate of St. Paul's, Baltimore, as well as chaplain of the Maryland Deaconesses, from 1858 to 1865. He was rector of the Church of the Advent, Boston, from 1872 to 1888, and in the following year was consecrated bishop of Fond du Lac. While in England from 1865 to 1872 he helped to establish the Society of St. John the Baptist, popularly known as Cowley Fathers, and also founded a community of the English St! Margaret's Sisterhood in Boston in 1888, in addition to establishing the mother house of the Sisters of the Holy Nativity at Providence, R. I., in the same year. He is one of the leaders of the High-church school in America, and has written Vocation, or Call of the Divine Master to a Sister's Life (New York, 1889); Plain Suggestions for a Reverent Celebration of the Holy Communion (1897); Christian and Catholic (1905); and A Catholic Atlas, or, Digest of Catholic Theology (1908).
GRAMANN (GRAUMANN), JOHANN. See Poli-
ANDEK.
GRAMMONT, gra"men' (GRANDMONT), ORDER
OF (known also as Boni Homines, q.v.): One of the chief orders of the latter part of the eleventh century. Its founder, Stephan, was born in Auvergne in 1046. He was educated for the religious life by his kinsman, Bishop Milo of Benevento, and from 1070 to 1074 resided in Rome. His petition to be permitted to establish a religious order was refused by Alexander II. on account of Stephan 's youth. In 1073, however, Gregory VII. granted his request, and Stephan returned to France, where he built a little hut of boughs in Muret, a desolate spot in Auvergne, near Limoges where he lived according to the strict Calabrian rule. For several years his asceticism found few imitators, but gradually the fame of his sanctity led many to submit to his guidance, although he refused the title of master or abbot and called himself simply "corrector." After his death, Feb. 8, 1124, the home of the community was fixed on the mountain Grandmont a few miles northeast of Limoges, to which Stephan used to retire for prayer. Hence the name was given to the order.
The bull of Gregory VII. empowered Stephan only to establish an order on the Benedictine rule, yet he seems to have made certain additions from
other monastic institutions in so far as he considered them advisable. In 1143 Stephan de Lisiac, the third successor of the founder, reduced to writing the regulations which hitherto had been transmitted only by word of mouth. Under him the order had more than sixty houses, especially in Aquitaine, Anjou, and Normandy. The eighth prior Ademar de Friac, drew up a new rule of extreme severity which was confirmed by Innocent III. It was not until the seventeenth century that the forty-second prior, G. Bary, mitigated this rule but after that time a strict Observantine division separated from the main order under the leadership of Charles Fremont. From its very beginning the order contained more lay brothers than regulars and thus fell a prey to internal schism and decay. Limited throughout its history to France, it succumbed to the storms of the Revolution. The habit was a black cassock with a scapular and a pointed hood. Toward the end of the thirteenth century the order also comprised three nunneries.
(O. ZoCKLERf.) Bibliography: The " Rule " was published at Rouen, 1671. Sources are: J. Leveque, Annates ordinis Grandimontensis, Troyes, 1662; the Vita of the founder, by Gerald Itherii, with comment, is in ASB, Feb., ii. 199- 212, and in MPL, cciv. 1005-46. Consult: C. Fremont, La Vie, la mort el les miracles de S. Etienne, Dijon, 1647; H. de la Marche de Parnac, La Vie de S. Etienne, Paris, 1704; Helyot, Ordres monastiques, vii. 406 sqq., 470- 493; Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregationen, i. 415-417; KL, v. 990-993; Currier, Religious Orders, pp. 150-152.
GRANADA, ARCHBISHOPRIC OF: An ancient metropolitan see in Spain. The city is identical with the ancient Illiberris or Elvira, which was early the seat of a bishop and is best known for the synod held there early in the fourth century (see Elvira, Synod of). It was occupied by the Moors in the eighth century and later became the capital of a powerful kingdom. The bishops of Elvira or Granada for a long time after the Moorish conquest were merely titular. After the capture of Granada by Ferdinand the Catholic in 1492, an archiepiscopal see was founded there, with Isabella's confessor Fernando Mendoza de Talavera, then bishop of Avila, as its first incumbent. Alexander VI. gave the sees of Guadix and Almeria to the new province, and added that of Malaga in 1493. Since the Concordat of 1851 the suffragan sees have been Almeria, Cartagena or Murcia, Gaudix, Jaen, and Malaga. Notable archbishops were Caspar de Avalos (1529-45), who established the university and under whom John of God founded the Brothers of Charity (see Charity, Brothers of), and Pedro Guerrero (1546-76), one of the most learned theologians at the Council of Trent. The population of the diocese is about 230,000.
Bibliograpiiy: H. Florez, Espatla Sagrada, vol. xii., 51 vols., Madrid, 1754 sqq.; J. Hidalgo Morales., Iliberia o Granada, Granada, 1842; P. B. Gams, Kirchengeschichte von Spanien, vols, i.-ii., 3 vols., Regensburg, 1862-79; J. P. Kirsch and V. Luksch, Illustrierte Geschichte der katholischen Kirche, pp. 306, 492 sqq., Munich, 1905; KL, v. 1013-16.
GRANBERY, JOHN COWPER: Methodist Episcopal bishop; b. at Norfolk, Va., Dec. 5, 1829. He was educated at Randolph, Macon College, Boydton, Va. (A.B., 1S48), and entered the Methodist Epis-