THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
xxiii. 23-24, xxv. 1). At least once a year it was his duty to travel through the whole province to execute the law, and he was usually accompanied by several councilors and assessors. The taxes and other duties from the province were strictly regulated, and the procurators were forbidden to increase them, nor were they allowed to accept presents, though there were not wanting instances both of cruelty and corruption. Incapable of understanding the peculiarities of the Jewish people, the procurator often excited Jewish hatred of Roman rule, and this finally contributed to the outbreak of the Judeo-Roman war. Of the procurators who, in the time from 6 to 41 a.d., administered the territory of Archelaus, only Pilate (q.v.) is mentioned in the New Testament. During 41-52 a.d. all parts of Palestine were once more brought under the dominion of Herod Agrippa. After his death the kingdom was again subjected to the administration of procurators, who governed from 44-66 a.d., among them Felix (Acts xxiii. 24 sqq., xxiv. 1, 10) and Festus (Acts xxvi. 30). See Census; Felix and Festds; Publican; Taxation.
(F. Sieffert.)
Bibliography: For the governors during the pre-Roman period consult the works on the history of Israel given under Ahab and Israel, History of. For the Roman period consult: H. Gerlach, Die romischen Statthalter in Syrien und Judaa, pp. 44 sqq., Berlin, 1865; E. Kuhn, Die stddtische und burgerliche Verfassung des romischen Reichs, ii. 161 sqq., 363 sqq., Leipsic, 1865; W T. Arnold, The Roman System of Provincial Administration, London, 1879; E. Marx, Essai sur les pouvoirs du gouverneur de province, Paris, 1880; J. Marquardt, Romische Staatsverwaltung, vol. i., Leipsic, 1881; T. Mommsen, Romisches Staatsrecht, II., i.-ii., Berlin, 1887; idem, in ZNTW. ii. 2 (1901), 81 sqq.; A. Edersheim, Life and Times of Jesus, i. 182, London, 1884; Kellner, in ZKT, 1888, 630 sqq.; J. B. Bury, Hist, of the Roman Empire, chap, vi., London, 1893; H. F. Pelham, Outlines of Roman Hist., book v., chap iii., ib. 1893; W. M. Ramsay, Church in the Roman Empire, pp. 41 sqq., 358-359, 362, ib. 1893; W. Liebenam, Stadteverwaltung des romischen Kaiserreichs, Leipsic, 1900; A. J. H. Greenidge, Roman Public Life, chap, xi., London, 1901; Schiirer, Geschichte, i. 454- 507, 564-585, Eng. transl., I., ii. 43 sqq.; DB, ii. 253; EB, ii. 1910-16; JE, vi. 59, x. 206-209 (list of the procurators is given); DCG, i. 685-686.
GOZAN : The name of a country mentioned five times in the Old Testament (II Kings xvii. 6, xviii. 11, xix. 12; I Chron. v. 26; Isa. xxxvii. 12). The passage in Chronicles refers to the deportation of a part of the inhabitants of Naphtali by Tiglathpileser IV., but the parallel passage (II Kings xv. 29) makes no definite statement as to the portion of the Assyrian empire to which they were taken. The more definite statement in Chronicles must have come from II Kings xvii. 6. It has suffered in transmission, and contains the unintelligible word hara (E.V. "Hara"), which is probably a corruption of the expressions " cities of the Medes " or " mountains of the Medes " (so the Septuagint). The first two passages in Kings refer to the fall of Samaria and the deportation of a part of its inhabitants by Sargon II. in 722 b.c. and following years. In the A.V an error in the translation of the Hebrew makes the passages read " in Habor by the river of Gozan," which is corrected by the American edition of the R.V. so that " Habor " is seen to be the name of the river of Gozan. The Septuagint reads erroneously " rivers " of Gozan.
The remaining two passages are parallel (II Kings xix. 12=Isa. xxxvii. 12) and enumerate Gozan, with Haran and Rezeph, among the conquests of the Assyrians.
As early as Bochart (Gegraphica Sacra, Caen, 1646) Gozan was correctly identified with the Gauzanitis of Ptolemy, situated between the Chaboras (the modern Khabur, Biblical " Habor") and the Saocoras, which can no longer be identified. The modern name of Gauzanitis is Kaushan. The Assyrian literature gives numerous references to a city Guzana, which was first attacked in 809 b.c. by Adad-nirari III. From that time it may be regarded as a part of Assyria, for it supplied eponyms to the realm, though it had to be reduced to subjection by Asshur-dan III. in 759-758 b.c. An Assyrian geographical list mentions Guzana and Nasibina side by side (II Rawlinson, 53, 43a) and it has been inferred (by Alfred Jeremias, Das Alte Testament im Lichte des alt en Orients, Leipsic, 1906, p. 545, note 1) that Guzana and Nasibina (i.e., Nisibis) are the same place. It is extremely interesting to find Samaria and Guzana named together in an Assyrian letter or report (K. 1366; cf. Bezold's catalogue and Jeremias in Hauck-Herzog, RE, vi. 767). All the allusions to Guzana as a city and a district in Assyrian texts are satisfied by the location in the valley of the Euphrates between the Khabur and the Balikh, and this location also exactly fits the requirements of the Biblical passages. The country was well watered, and in ancient times doubtless fertile and well tilled.
Robert W Rogers.
Bibliography: Besides the literature named in the text, consult: F. Delitzsch, Wo lag das Paradiesf p. 184, Leipsic, 1881; Schrader, KAT, pp. 48, 168, 269, 273; DB, ii. 253; EB, ii. 1916.