RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
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ture, a crusher and despiser of the Romans," reports the chronicler Matthew Paris. He was buried with great pomp at Lincoln, the archbishop of Canterbury and several bishops being present at the funeral. This seems to disprove the statement that the pope had excommunicated him. Miracles were reported at his grave, but in vain did prelates and King Edward I. (1307) apply for his canonization.
Grosseteste has been called a "harbinger of the Reformation," and he was the first link in the chain of the Reformation in this sense, that Wyclif appealed to him, and quoted his protest against Rome, as, later, Luther quoted Huss, and Huss learned from Wyclif. In his impetuous and fearless temper he resembles Luther. Not only Wyclif, but others, like Bishop Hall, delighted to find in the Bishop of Lincoln a support for their Scriptural views, or, like Richard Field, to use his name against the claims of the pope to supreme authority in the Church (Of the Church, iv. 384 sqq.).
Grosseteste was one of the most learned men of his time and a voluminous author. His writings include works on theology, commentaries on Aristotle and Boethius, essays on physical and mental philosophy, translations from Greek authors, also French poems, and even works on husbandry. A list of his works given in Pegge's Life covers twentyfive closely printed quarto pages.
D. S. Schapf.
Bibliography: The best sources for a life are: his own Epistolce, ed. H. R. Luard, no. 24 of Rolls Series, London, 1861; Matthew of Paris, Chronica majora, and Annales ■monastici, ed. H. R. Luard, no. 36 of Rolls Series, 5 vols., London, 1864-69. Lives have been written by: S. Pegge, London, 1793; R. Pauli, Tubingen, 1864; G. G. Perry, London, 1871; G. V. Lechler, Leipsic, 1884; J. Felten, Freiburg, 1887; and F. S. Stevenson, London, 1899. Consult further H. Wharton, Anglia sacra, ii. 325-348, London, 1691; J. H. Overton, The Church in England, i. 231-243, ib. 1897; W. R. W. Stephens, The English Church {1066-1272), ib. 1901; M. Creighton, Historical Lectures and Addresses, pp. 116-149, ib. 1903; DNB, xxiii. 275-278.
GROSSMANN, CHRISTIAN GOTTLOB LE- BERECHT: German Lutheran; b. at Priessnitz, near Naumburg (17 m. s.s.w. of Merseburg), Nov. 9, 1783; d. in Leipsic June 29, 1857. He was educated at the University of Jena, and was appointed assistant minister, then pastor, and in 1822, teacher and deacon at Schulpforta. In 1823 he became general superintendent of Altenburg, in 1829 pastor at St. Thomas' Church, superintendent, consistorial assessor, and professor of practical theology at Leipsic. He applied himself to the study of Philo and the Apostles' Creed, and was active in reconstructing the constitution and reorganizing the administration of the State Church of Saxony. He was one of the founders of the Gustav-Adolf-Verein (q.v.). On occasion of the bicentennial commemoration of the death of Gustavus Adolphus, Nov. 6, 1832, he proposed a foundation for the support of poor Evangelical congregations, and after the main society was established he belonged to its governing board and presided over its general conventions.
Georg Muller.
Bibliography: F. Blanckmeister, Vater Grossmann, der Grander des Gustav-Adolf-Vereins, Barmen, 1889; G.
Muller, Verfassungs- und Verwaltungsgeschichte der sachsischen Landeskirche, i. 206-208, Leipsic, 1894; G. Fuchs, C. G. L. Grossmann, der Leipziger Superintendent, Leipsic, 1907; ADB, ix. 751-752.
GROSSMANN, LOUIS: American rabbi; b. at Vienna Feb. 24, 1853. He came to the United States at the age of eleven and was educated at the University of Cincinnati (B.A., 1884) and the Hebrew Union College in the same city, receiving his rabbinical diploma in 1884. In the same year he was called to Detroit, Mich., as rabbi of Temple Beth El, where he remained until 1898, when he was chosen to succeed I. M. Wise as rabbi of Congregation B'nai Yeshurun, Cincinnati, and also as professor of ethics, theology, and pedagogics in the Hebrew Union College. In theology he is an adherent of Reformed Judaism. He has written Judaism, and the Science of Religion (New York, 1889); Maimonides (1890); Hymns, Prayers, and Responses (Detroit, Mich., 1894); The Jewish Pulpit (1894); and an edition of The Selected Writings of Isaac M. Wise (Cincinnati, 1900).
GROTIUS, gro'shi-us (DE GROOT), HUGO:
Dutch statesman, lawyer, and theologian; b. at Delft Apr. 10, 1583; d. in Rostock Aug. 28, 1645. He owed his first instruction to his learned father and to the minister Jan Uytenbogaert (q.v.). When he was twelve years old he became a pupil
of Scaliger at the Leyden academy. Early Life. In 1598 he accompanied Oldenbarne-
velt and Justinus van Nassau to Paris where the fame of his learning was already publicly known. On his return he was promoted doctor in law at Orleans. After having established himself as a lawyer at The Hague, the States appointed him advocate-general at the Court of Holland and charged him with writing the history of the rebellion against Spain, which was not published till after his death. Abroad he was known as a Latin poet by his Adamus exul and his Christus patiens, and as a lawyer by his Mare liberum, which led to an extensive correspondence with the learned men of his age.
His political career began with his being appointed pensionary of Rotterdam in 1613. From this time he attended the sessions of the States of Holland and the States-General, but was at the same time entangled in the quarrel between the
Remonstrants (q.v.) and Contra-Re- Political monstrants. He was the defender of Career. Oldenbarnevelt's ecclesiastical policy, Theological which was intended to prevent a rup- Contro- ture in the Church. He took an acversies. tive part in extraordinary measures to
maintain peace in different places and was opposed to the convocation of a National Synod. During the revolution of 1618 he was put in prison and condemned to be shut up for life at the castle of Loevenstein. Here he occupied himself for two years with philological and theological studies, then escaped on Mar. 22, 1621, and fled to Paris. There he lived till 1631 with his wife and children.
Under the mild government of Frederik Hendrik he at length ventured to return to his native country, but he was disappointed in his expecta-
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