THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
was once a sacred city. It is noteworthy that the pomegranate and the palm-tree formed part of the adornment both of Solomon's temple (I Kings vi.vii.) and of Ezekiel's (Ezek. xli. 18), and the cherubim are connected with both. In elucidation of the last fact Barton, in a striking passage (ut sup., pp. 91-92), quotes Tylor as suggesting that the cherubim were personifications of the wind which was so important in fertilizing the male date palm. The two trees, originally perhaps only one, in Gen. ii.-iii. were explained in the Book of Enoch (chap. xxiv.) and by the rabbis generally as date palms, and the two varieties of palms, male and female, were associated with the discovery of sexual distinction in man. Geo. W Gilmore.
Bibliography: W. Baudissin, Studien zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte, ii. 143 sqq., Leipsic, 1878 (list of older literature on p. 184); B. Stade, Geschichte des Volkes Israel i. 455, Berlin, 1887; A. von Gall, Altisraelitischen Kultstatten, pp. 23-2S, Giessen, 1898; Smith, Rel. of Sem., pp. 125, 169, 174-175, 178-179, 185-197; EB, iv. 4892-93; and the work of Barton cited in the text. On the general tree-cult the most important work is J. G. Frazer, The Golden Bough, 3 vols., London, 1900; idem, Adonis, Attis, Osiris, London, 1906; Stark, in Berichte der koniglichsdchsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, phil.-hist. Classe, viii (1856), 32-120; M. Ohnefalsch- Richter, Kypros, die Bibel und Homer, pp. 32-227, Berlin, 1893; H. C. Trumbull, Threshold Covenant, pp. 228 sqq., New York, 1896; Mrs. J. H. Philpot, The Sacred Tree or the Tree in Religion and Myth, London, 1897; H. P. Smith, Old Testament History, p. 135, New York, 1903; Evans, in Journal of Hellenic Studies, xxi. 106 sqq.; Folk-Lore, vi. 20 sqq.
GRUENEISEN, griin-ai'sen, CARL: Theologian, preacher, art patron, and poet; b. at Stuttgart Jan. 17, 1802; d. there Feb. 28, 1878. His parents educated him in the spirit of true religion, and also that of genuine artistic liberality. He studied at the gymnasium of Stuttgart and in 1819 entered the University of Tubingen, where he studied theology. In 1824 he visited the principal cities of Germany, and was attracted by the theology of Schleiermacher in Berlin. Then he traveled to Italy where he showed a deep interest in the treasures of ancient and medieval art. King William I. of Wurttemberg appointed him court chaplain and field chaplain of the guards. In 1835 he entered the consistory; in 1846 he became court preacher. He took a prominent part in reforms of liturgy, hymn-book, and church constitution, and awakened a sense for art in the Church. In 1847 with Immanuel Faisst he organized a "Society for Classical Church Music," and in 1857 a "Society for Christian Art in the Evangelical Church of Wurttemberg." In 1846 the king sent him to the first German Evangelical Church Conference in Berlin which had been convened for the purpose of bringing about a closer union between the German state churches, from which sprang, in 1852, chiefly under the influence of Griineisen, the Church Conference of Eisenach which elected him its president regularly from 1852 to 1868 (see Eisenach Conference). On account of his Prussian sentiments he incurred the displeasure of King Charles, the successor of William. In 1868 he was forced to resign his position, but the consistory appointed him honorary member. In 1870 he retired altogether from official activity, and devoted himself
to art, chiefly in the service of the Church. He published Predigten fur Gebildete in der Gemeinde (anonymously, Stuttgart, 1835); Die evangelischen Gottesdienstordnungen in den oberdeutschen Landen (1839); Christliches Hausbuch in Gebeten und Liedern (1846; 7th ed., 1883); and five collections of Christliche Reden (1856-63). In the sphere of Christian art he published: Ueber bildliche Darstellung der Gottheit (1828); Ueber das Sittliche in der bildenden Kunst bei den Griechen (1835); De protestantismo artibus haud infesto (1839); Ulms Kunstleben im Mittelalter (with E. Mauch, 1846); and (his most important work) Niklaus Manuel, Leben und Werke eines Malers und Dichters, Kriegers, Staatsmanns und Reformators im 16. Jahrhundert (1837). He also edited an art journal, Christliches Kunstblatt fiir Kirche, Schule und Haus. (H. Mosapp.)
Bibliography: Luthardt, in Allgemeine evangelisch-lutherische Kirchenzeitung, 1878, pp. 233 sqq.; Gottschalk, in Unsere Zeit, 1878, p. 628; W. Liibke, in Kunstchronik, supplement to Zeitschrift fur bildende Kunst, 1878, pp 386 sqq.
GRUENSLEDER, gruns-16'der, (GRUENLEDER, GRUENSLEDERER), ULRICH: German Hussite; burned as a heretic at Regensburg Mar. 31, 1421. He came from Vohenstrauss (near Weiden, 32 m. s.e. of Baireuth) in the Upper Palatinate, was educated at Regensburg, was ordained priest, and, about 1420, occupied the post of chaplain in Regensburg. The Hussite doctrines, toward which a portion of the Bavarian clergy just then inclined, found a zealous adherent in Grunsleder. He translated sundry writings of Huss into German, disseminating the same in lay circles, and by clandestine sermons sought to gain a following for Hussite ideas. In May, 1420, he was seized as a heretic. Notwithstanding prolonged custody under the Inquisition, he could not be induced to abjure his heretical persuasion. Consequently he was put to death. Herman Haupt.
Bibliography: Andrew of Regensburg, Cronica de expeditionibus in Bohemian contra Hussistas haereticos, ed. K. Hofler, Geschichtsschreiber der husitischen Bewegung, in Fontes rerum Austriacarum, Division 1, vol. vi., part 2, pp. 427-456, Vienna, 1866; idem, Chronicon generate, in B. Pez, Thesaurus anecdotorum novissimorum, iv. 723, Augsburg, 1723; H. Haupt, in Historisches Taschenbuch, 6 ser„ vii. 246-247.
GRUETZMACHER, GEORG: German Protestant: b. at Berlin Dec. 22, 1866. He was educated at the universities of Lausanne, Berlin, and Halle (Ph. D., Heidelberg, 1892), and in 1892 became privat-docent for church history and New Testament exegesis at Heidelberg, where he has been associate professor of church history since 1896. He has written Untersuchung iiber den Ursprung der in Zacharja 9-1 4 vorliegenden Prophetien (Berlin, 1892); Die Bedeutung Benedikts von Nursia und seiner Regel in der Geschichte des Monchtums (1S92): Pachomius und das dlteste Klosterleben (Leipsic, 1896); Die evangelische Landeskirche des Grossherzogtums Baden (Freiburg, 1898); and Hieronymus: biographische Studien zur alten Kirchengeschichte (2 vols., Leipsic and Berlin, 1901-06).
GRUETZMACHER, RICHARD HEINRICH: German Protestant^ b. at Berlin Dec. 3, 1876. He was educated at the universities of Heidelberg and